Why do you choose canada to study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

why do you choose canada to study - Essay Exampleily consider the global ramifications that a degree from a Canadian university would imply as compared to a degree from other nations around the world.With respect to the first occurrence that has been mentioned, it is this pupils belief that Canada offers one of the graduate(prenominal)est levels of scholastic achievement and accreditation among all of the choices that have been considered. As a function of this, it is within the best interests of one who would like to further their educational career and future studies to render out such an opportunity. Similarly, with respect to the second determinant that has been listed, it is also within the best interests of the prospective savant to seek out a nation that exhibits a high degree of diversification among its respective colleges and universities. referable to the fact that diversity is a key component of the educational process, Canada again represented a high level of divers ity and has therefore attracted this student to consider it high on the list of options. Lastly, with regards to the way in which a degree from a Canadian university or college would be considered within the global community, it is plainly observable that a degree from a Canadian college and/or university carries with it a high level of prestige that is recognized not only within Canada but around the world. As a function of each of these components, it is this students express desire to further the academic career by studying within

Individual Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Individual tell - Essay ExampleThe use of various techniques like the video market, and other digital media volition supporter be very beneficial for the company and will also have a direct meeting on the profitability of the company.The advent of the internet and new technologies has led to a number of improvements and changes in impairment of the marketing techniques used within the company. Napster is an excellent example of the new technologies and the wide range of positive regard that the new techniques have brought to the world. Technology has allowed companies like Napster to build and develop systems where fans can share their favourite melody with ease to others. After having understood and researched in detail the marketing mix and risk strategies of Napster, this paper aims at discussing the characteristics of Digital Marketing and how they apply to Napster. The paper will deal with each of the characteristics and will be followed by recommendations for each of th e characteristics.There have been innumerable revolutions and changes that have occurred over the years and these have been immense in the marketing field. Chaffey has set down a few characteristics of digital marketing which he explains are indispensable aspects of the business and impact the businesses to a great extent (Chaffey, Ellis-Chadwick, Johnston, & Mayer, 2006). The following sections will define, discuss and demonstrate these characteristics and will link how they impact Napster and aspects that the company can do to improve their overall profitability.The first characteristic that is substantial to be considered by all businesses in the current times is the need to bring back the chicane in the marketing. One of the major aspects that need to be considered by the new age digital marketing efforts is the need to not only focus on the customers based on the demographics and basic customer

Psychology (mental illnesses) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Psychology (mental illnesses) - Essay ExampleIn the process of analyzing the shroud emotions of the patient, the therapist can link them to the actual relationships that they cause, for example ones animosity to food or alcohol.The other proficiency is introduced by Carl Rogers. He is the founding father of the Person-centered approach, the most widely used technique in raw clinical psychology. This concept explores the healing of the psyche through empathy, active listening, and mirroring of the patient. This therapeutic intervention is focused on the immediate conscious experience rather than attempting to solve the unconscious. The transformative impact of Rogers therapy is that there is an unconditional positive lieu to the client not as a scientist to an object, but as a person to a person (Rogers 22). The theory of person-centered therapy suggests that the resources for someone to heal himself lie inside them.In todays global world where our daily activities flux with the technologies, tele auditory sensation or internet therapy is something acceptable and understandable. The mental health programs where the treatment is conducted via internet or phone provide instant support and availability to patients in emergencies. However, the quick access advantage adds to other disadvantages.

Direct Marketing in International Markets Assignment

Direct Marketing in outside(a) Markets - Assignment congressmanDirect market has various advantages over other selling methods, but it also suffers from criticisms at propagation due to its unwanted and fake activities with the customers. Table of circumscribe Executive Summary 2 Table of Contents 3 1.0 Introduction 4 2.0 Discussion 5 2.1 Use of Direct Marketing in International Markets 5 2.2 Characteristic of Direct Marketing 6 2.3 Difference from Mass-Marketing Approach 7 2.4 Assessment of the main(a) Concern That Consumers May Have About the Use of Direct Marketing 9 2.5 The Methods Which Can Be Employed By the Direct Marketing Industry to Counter These Criticisms 10 3.0 Conclusion 11 4.0 tribute 12 References 13 1.0 Introduction Direct marketing has emerged as one of the most significant marketing tools in the hands of the marketers over the last few decades. Direct marketing is the selling of goods or go directly to the prospective customers without using any intermedia ries, but by using databases of customers and through one or more media. With the increasing globalization of world trade international direct marketing has enhanced its procedure and relevance. Several companies in the direct marketing ground are gradually looking to enter the unknown market for expansion of the business. Efficient international transportation system and improvement in international honorarium system bear eventually encouraged the direct marketers to expand their businesses beyond their national boundaries (Kraft & Et. Al., 2007). According to publicise Age 2006, marketers have used over $52.2 million in 2005 on direct marketing. Direct marketing such(prenominal) as traditional direct mail as well as telemarketing has been considered as an efficient method for advertisers and marketers. After the introduction of the Internet, the whole marketing communication strategies of direct marketing have changed drastically (Morimoto & Chang, 2006). In this paper, the u se of direct marketing in an international market and its value and richness have been described. Its distinction from the mass marketing has been mentioned in the paper. In addition, the direct marketing acts as a valuable tool for marketing communication. This has been discussed in the paper. Though direct marketing is beneficial for consumers and marketers, it faces criticism from the consumers perspective, which has been discussed clearly as well. 2.0 Discussion 2.1 Use of Direct Marketing in International Markets Direct Marketing is considered as one of the fastest growing areas in present-day marketing practice. Direct marketing utilizes various sevenfold channels such as the Internet, leaflet drop, telephone, direct mail, E-mail and mass media so as to vex particularly to the target foreign customers in an international market in order to obtain an potent response immediately for ultimate sale (George State University, n.d.). Direct marketing in the USA substantial into boom industry during the 1980s. Due to direct mail, sales growth had risen from $15 billion to $46 billion. The direct marketer had also risen to 13,000. Direct marketing broadened the demand of various companies such as blue-chip industrial in addition to consumer companies which include American Express, IBM, Westinghouse, Sony, 3M, GEICO, Time Inc., along with retail sectors such as Neiman-Marcus, J.C. Penney, and Marshall Field.

Birth Environments and Labour Choices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Birth Environments and Labour Choices - Essay ExampleThe overall object of providing care to women experiencing labour and stick out is to bring about a convincing experience for not only the woman but besides to the entire family, while preserving their health, responding immediately to emergencies and preventing complications. A pregnant woman has to make unhomogeneous decisions regarding the place and the agency she wishes to deliver her baby. As there are various options for where she may decide to have the birth on with the options of how she may decide to deliver. Despite all these factors, the environment a woman chooses to labour nookie greatly impact the amount of anxiety and fear she may experience. The birth setting is greatly powerful and can be regarded as a differentiating factor between a traumatic or fulfilling experience of childbirth. management to detail as well as careful concern of the different birth environment dimensions constitutes roughly favourable circumstances for the progression of labour. Hospital is an estranging environment for majority women, in which privacy issues and institutionalize routines can lead to feelings of escape of control (Lock and Gibb, 2003). It has been reported that the interventions and technology that has become usual on various labour wards was concerned in womens frustration with labour (Lumley and Brown, 1994). Enhanced anxiety induced by lack of control can intervene with the regular effective labour physiology (Steele, 1995). Since the control or lack of control are regarded as essential to the womens labour experience and their consequential wellbeing (Simkin, 1992). It has been prepare that there are three categories of birth places (an essential part of the birth environment) from which women may chose the one they work out will be the most comfortable for them during the different phases of labour. These include home birth, birth centres and hospitals.

Why did presidents Ford and Carter lose public confidence Essay

Why did presidents Ford and Carter lose public confidence - Essay ExampleThe primary(prenominal) intention of the pardon by President Ford was to move on from the Watergate scandal (Greene, 276-283). However, the people had a different view as they felt this was just an everyday political move. On the other hand, Carter campaigned with the yell of candor to the citizens, which was well accepted at first and gained him the presidential position. However, his leadership was poorly reflected by his inabilityAnother reason why President Ford was unavailing to gain the confidence of the people is that he inherited the economic problems from Nixons era, and was also incapable of restoring economic stability in the country. The inflation go along to rise along with the level of unemployment (Greene, 276-283). Furthermore, there was an increment in the interest and regardless of the reduction in taxes the people were still economically unstable. There was also problems in the foreign i nterests of the country as in Vietnam the North significantly defeated the South. As mentioned above, Carter gained the confidence of the people through his campaign policy of honesty (Rosenbaum, 331-337). However, there was still an economic crisis in the country. In the addition, there was also a rise in the oil costs which further worsened the situation. Carter made some progress in the form of pioneering many an(prenominal) peace treaties however, we failed to fix the Iranian hostage problem (Rosenbaum, 331-337). There were American hostages that were captured by Islamic terrorists in Iran, and Carter failed to free them, which led to the loss of confidence from the people. Hence, the reason the two presidents lost the confidence of the people is that they unable to resolve the pertaining situations that were affecting the country such as the economy and the high levels of unemployment. In addition, some of the finality making was poor by both presidents, for example, the pard oning of Nixon by Ford when he

Growth of the World's Cities - Seattle, Washington, United States Assignment

Growth of the Worlds Cities - Seattle, Washington, United States - Assignment ExampleThe Seattle metropolitan theatre has more than 3.6 billion inhabitants making the metropolitan area. The significant growth of the citys state has negatively affected how the city settles its residents. In 2006, after the city grew by more than 4000 residents per year, the Seattle partal planners thought of expanding the city to accommodate the increase population (Singh, 28).The City of Seattle, which is a Historical Core Municipality, grew 8.0 percent from 564,000 in 2000 to 609,000 by 2010. This means that the area experienced a healthy increase. The modern-day Seattle is completely different from the historical Seattle. The expansion of the city and the population in the metropolitan area has been intense (Singh, 45). Currently, Seattle city now constitutes to less than 15% when it comes to the metropolitan role population. In 1950, Seattle city had to the highest degree two- third gears o f King County population and by 2010, the city was less than a third of the population in King County. While the city has continued to reduce in scathe of the regions population, the downtown region is losing its impressive dominance. By 2009, the area had fallen to 8% in terms of the regions employment (Diers, 32).The inner suburbs thus the areas that are outside the Seattle city account for almost 90 percent in terms of growth. Inner suburbs in the metropolitan region include the Eastern, gray and the northern part of the King County. These regions experienced 50% of growth thus 1,170,000 to almost 1,320,000. At least(prenominal) 150,000 new residents resided in the area. On the other hand, the outer suburbs areas, which include the Snohomish and the Pierce County, grew 15.4 percent thus tight double Seattle growth. Alternatively, the exurban areas growth rates almost resembled the outer suburbs growth whereby the population of these areas grew by almost 15 percent (Singh, 76) . Most of the urban and population growth in the Seattle region is associated with the need for people to puzzle jobs and a better life.

Methods Of Educational Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Methods Of Educational Research - turn out ExampleQuestionnaire Questionnaires atomic number 18 defined as formulated questions that are structured for collecting primary data. These questions are written down for the respondent to provide resolutions. Questionnaires are also defined as techniques in which several(predicate) people are supposed to answer the same questions (Beiske, 2007). Researchers should be extremely careful before creating questioners. This is because, questionnaires can buoy be written in understandable English but they are not sufficient for providing the mandatory data. When a questionnaire is well premeditated, it induces the respondents to give correct and accurate information. Questioners are used for inducting the respondent, thus they come up with new theories. Questionnaires use open-ended questions that explore substantive areas. Some tecs use questionnaires as methods of obtaining reliable information. This is execute through deductive approach for testing other theories. Questionnaires assistance investigators to use deductive or inducive approach or even a combination of the two approaches. Three attributes of questions are available to the tec when using questionnaires (Boyce, & Neale, 2006). There are the open-ended questions, which have a wide scope of response and they help to capture the interests of peoples answer. This type of questions does not influence the outcome of questions by deciding the possible responses. The other type of questions is the close-ended type, which are used for questions that require two different answers. The responses required are yes or no with the tendency of making the questionnaire process easy. Strengths of Questionnaires Questionnaires allow a research worker to contact many people easily and quickly. The researcher has a chance to post questions to the group he has targeted. They are easy to create and interpret especially if close-ended questions are used (Boyce, & Neale, 20 06). The respondent is left with the time consuming part of answering the questions but the researcher does not have this burden. Questionnaires are easily standardized because all respondents are asked the same questions. As all(prenominal) respondent answers the same questions, this makes the questionnaire process extremely reliable. Researchers are able to tackle embarrassing areas like wake up and criminal matters more than any other method. The questionnaires can be completed in privacy, and they are anonymous. Respondents are able to answer questions honestly without being intimidated by the researchers presence. Limitations of Questionnaires It is baffling for the researcher to identify complex issues because of the questionnaires design. Even if, the researcher uses open-ended questions, the respondent will not answer the questions extensively like in other research methods (Ross, 2005). This usually limits a researcher to get detailed information. When a researcher send s postal questions, he is not sure whether the respondent will fill in the questionnaire. For instance, when a researcher wants to gather information on women opinions, the questionnaire is not useful if answered by men. It is extremely difficult to determine whether the respondent has understood the questions when the researcher is not around. A researcher has to hope that the questions he has presented to the respondents entail the same to all respondents as they mean to him. The numbers

WHAT IS MEANT BY STIGMA,AND DOES IT LINK WITH THE CONCEPT OF SOCIAL Essay

WHAT IS MEANT BY STIGMA,AND DOES IT LINK WITH THE plan OF SOCIAL EXCLUSIONS AND WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY AND PRACTICE - Essay ExampleIn this regard, social labelling that discredits individuals virtual identities (Crocker et al 1998, p.505), inevitably leads to stigmatization that often times leads to distortion of individual identities. Social exclusion, on the other hand, refers to the order of being locked out from participation in the central social activities in ones let society (Burchardt et al 2002, p.30) this means that if an individual fails to take part in social activities then they be socially excluded. The purpose of this paper is to explain what is meant by the term stigma, and to explore the possible linkage there is between this term and the concept of social exclusion consequently, the conclusion of this paper will sorb upon this knowledge to give implications for policy and practice.Simply put, stigma denotes a mark of shame (Oxford Dictionaries, 2 012), concomitant specially with certain individuals in the society, thus, people who are stigmatized actually view themselves inferior due to social labels that pull out them so, distorting their real identities. According to Chamberlin, stigma often leads to discrimination implying that the individual being stigmatized has a problem (Sayce 1998, pp.331-332) in this case, language is a powerful tool that functions in the creation of certain perceptions and stereotypes about individuals. When people develop biased judgments concerning others, this negative labelling coupled with the resultant social labels and subsequent stigmatization that arises can be ascribable to mental health issues. Language is very effective in helping people with mental illnesses to serve and eventually overcome their problem especially because the words used in reference to people square off their perceptions and expectations respectively (Lynn 2010 p.1). For instance, existing knowledge shows that r elapse rates of patients with mental

Critique Assignment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critique Assignment - Coursework ExampleThe look for being conducted is a quantitative research where trials and simulations were used to collect data. In this research, the participants were subjected to tests, some of which were multiple choices, time some involved the use of a Likert-scale, to measure their response towards the questions asked, and the research question at large. The prior studies in the research include a study by Ackerman, Kanfer and Goff (1995) with their study on cognitive and noncognitive determinants and consequences and Byzantine skill acquisition. Another study is by Kanfer and Ackerman (1989). Kraiger, Ford and Salas (1993) are other authors whose study on the interaction between address orientation and cognitive ability, was used in the study. Studies by Dweck (1986, 1989) on motivational processes impact learning were also used in the literary works and motivation, were also used in the literature. Farr, Hofmann and Ringenbach (1993) on goal ori entation and action control theory, also had their study used in the literature of this study. Studies by button et al. (1996) on goal orientation in organizational research, Ford, Smith, Weissbein, Gully and Salas (1998) on relationship on goal orientation, Kozlowski et al. (2001) on effects of training goals and goal orientation on multi-dimension training, and Philip and Gully (1997) on role of goal orientation, ability take away for achievement and locus of control in the self-efficacy goal setting process, are among other studies listed in the literature review.

Critically appraise the extent to which an understanding of cultural Essay

Critically appraise the extent to which an pinch of ethnic differences can assist in managing hoi polloi in the workplace - Essay ExampleThis paper will critically appraise the extent to which an understanding of cultural differences can assist in managing people in the workplace.There has been a good interpretation of floriculture in the above first chapter. It is important to note that culture is either generic culture or local anesthetic culture (Alatas, 2009). Generic culture consists of shargond culture among people in the humanity, whereas local culture entails schemas that atomic number 18 shared by the only specific social group in this introduction (Alatas, 2009).Globalization has made this world a global village. In broader terms, globalization has brought people in this world closer. That said, people from different parts of the world have found themselves working together in the corresponding corporations. This is very interesting because it seems hard to deal wi th people from different cultures. It requires deeper understanding of cultural diversities such as things not to say to people from different cultures, and the ways of communication (Calveley, 2015). A good understanding of cultural diversities by managers will make it easy for them to motivate employees, structuring strategies, and implementing important strategies.As noted in a study by Connaughton (2007), there are many levels where culture works. The first level is national level. Here, the unconscious mind set of people bring the difference in national culture. These values are taught when people are young. National culture is normally stable but changes afterward in the practices, but the unconscious values do not change (Connaughton, 2007). The second level is organizational level. Here, the level of practices is the one that brings the difference and are often manageable. Organizational cultures usually differ from one company to another, but the firms need to be run in the same country (Connaughton, 2007). The third is argumental level. This lies between organizational and national cultures. For example, entering an occupation such as service in the

Coca-Cola Company vs. PepsiCo, Inc Research Paper

Coca-Cola Company vs. PepsiCo, Inc - Research Paper eccentricConsequent to this input, the plan is effectively funded to sustain total elasticity as laid down in the Pension Plan Act 2006. Generally, the fund was estimated to finance all the subsequent contributions in future from the run activities. In accordance to the guidelines of IFRS the international pension plans of the company are funded in conformity to the domestic laws and the income task guidelines. The company does not anticipate the contributions to the plans to be in effect in any near future. adjacent the enactment of the Pension Plan Act of 2006, no contributions are expected to be include in the schedule for funding the benefit pension plan. At the end of the fiscal year 2009, the estimated benefit necessary of the United States eligible pension plans was nigh $ 2.138 million and the reasonable harbor of the pension plan was to the highest degree $ 1.975 million. The major part of this contribution was as a result of depressing effect that the previous financial crisis and financial mechanisms vulnerability had on the companys pension plan assets. ... The US non eligible pension plans stipulates for particular links which might not be allowed or be included in the financed qualified pension plans as a result of the constrains inflicted by the local revenue polity of 1986. The anticipated benefit payments of the stated unfinanced pension plans might not be considered in the schedule for the computing of the benefit plan. It was expected that the yearly benefit payments to the unfunded benefits plans to be about $ 35 million by 2010 (PepsiCo 2009). It was also expected to remain at that level until 2030 declining yearly thereafter. The profits and losses which emanate from the very familiarity might be different from the presumptions put down by the company which comprise of the disparity amidst the corporeal benefits from the pension plan assets and the anticipated return on the pl an assets. Moreover, as a result of the variations in the presumptions the returns are also established at every date of measurement. According to the IFRS, if the observable accumulated returns or losses are way above 10% of the entire market connected fair value of the benefit plan assets or liabilities, a section of the net margin or loss is considered in the expense for the preceding year. The charges or returns of the plan variations that enhance or decline the benefits for previous employee service hail is considered in the earnings or income on a straight-line basis over the optimal service sequence that remains of the active plan contributors. This is normally approximately 10 years for the pension expense and about 12 years for the retiree medical expense (IASB, 2007) Calculation of the funding levels and capital gains experienced by Coca-Cola and PepsiCo in

Issues in global economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Issues in global economy - Essay casing. Doctrine of invisible hand as also reflected in the thought of Adam smith principally talked some the power of market economy oer the state governing economy. He spoke about market mechanism that ultimately leads to the equilibrium. Any gap between demand and supply will be automatically adjusted through the mechanism of market. The role of government here is nothing but to further the process. Breaking of Soviet Union in the 20th hundred strengthens this thought of power of market over state. This thought was the founding stone of todays globalisation and global economy. However the economists and the historiographer thought that there are many factors those facilitated the process of globalization. According to them, in 19th and 20th century many countries across the world faced the European imperialism that first makes them known about the world economy. overly this the period saw a rapid development of sophisticated technologies tha t was never seen before. Rising of machine piecemeal cleared the new methods of reaping more profit. All this factors was seeking a process through which they could merge for public presentation global economics, trade and politics. The stage was prepared for processing of the global issues through the hand of the process of globalization. With respect to recent period there emerge some more aspects that control and assist the globalization process more rapidly. Today the progresses of international trade are mostly dependent on international commercial agreements such as FTTA, CAFTA, NAFTA etc. Such agreements have opened the door to the northern exportation and give more opportunities to the developing nations. Nowadays the export processing zones operate as productive vicinities for afield ventures, investments and employments. These zones are playing their role in many ways to support the economies by

We 8 CRJ 520II Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

We 8 CRJ 520II - Research Paper ExampleThe move towards military rating of program outcomes has moved from the intent of activities to the actual occurrence of the intended change. The most important stage in program implementation is to determine whether the achievements are taking place in the adopted activities. This is to determine whether there were other actors that contributed towards the occurrence of the change (Hatry, Newcomer & Wholey, 2013). This methodology of assessing whether there were other extra factors contributing to a programs change is known as SROI (Social Return on Investment). SROI is an evaluation framework that assesses the outcomes of a practice or a program. In order to achieve the intended goals, there are iv factors that need to be evaluated. These factors include deadweight, attribution, displacement, and drop off.Deadweight-this is the changes that people expected to take place anyway. Deadweight accounts for any pop out of change that would happe n due to either internal motivations or environmental factors. For instance, the objectives of a genuine alliance program may be to increase job opportunities for the residents. However, a portion of those employed may similarly get may also get employed due to changes of the labor market. The portion of those counted to could have free-base a job due to factors other than the activities of the program should not be included when evaluating the program (Royse, Thyer & Padgett, 2010).Displacement- this factor focuses on whether the achieved change resulted in some sort of displacement or unintended costs. For instance, a aversion prevention program may be implemented to reduce criminal activities in a certain neighborhood and not displacing such criminal activities in the neighborhood community (Hatry, Newcomer & Wholey, 2013). The value of cut down criminal activities in the intended region would be

Short Answers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Short Answers - Essay Example(Mulvey, 1989)The growing hypothesis of the spectacle is old to be remarkably striking in old English, and making important classifications of the theory itself. This is bring home the bacon powerfully by the changing scenerior of an inspirational moment, powerfully look ford by the situationsits flak, known by its distinct approach to environmental challenges. The concept is derived from the growing list of the societal understanding of built intellectualism. The shocks that were historical identified look remarkable moments, which ar fascinating and are unique especially when important derivatives remarkably involving expert moments and good political landscapes.Particular words are uniquely important and their meats are hugely significant to the cultures that explore them. Writings as explained by various philosophers are based on changing linguistic trends, and which are meaningfully explored through generations and through periods of change. Denotative and connotative meaning furnishs various angle derivatives that are stovepipe known for semiotics or in different instances semiology. Semiotics is old linguistics that is defined in todays language as the core concept within which concepts of language are established. The palpate derivative in a signifier provides a lasting solution to word changes, making optic derivatives at various points. Denotative is defined by a signifier and which identify an obvious meaning of a specific sign. For example in accordance with a camouflaged statement, the obvious theory is to provide a conventionally agreeable statement that is also referred to as the first order signification. On the other hand, connotative meaning offers the socio-cultural as well as the personal associations relative to emotional, ideological levels of the given sign.The theories shaping the visual culture are defined by

Reflective Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Reflective reputation - Essay ExampleThis essay is basically an attempt to contemplate a few principally deteriorative issues with admiration to these three factors. In order to better scrutinize each of the three factors and the associated paradoxes, appropriate OB theories will also be added and discussed to evaluate what literature has to say on multiple ramifications of different problematic OB issues. In case of poor leadership and management, one thing escalates another and soon stress and mental picture at workplace fosters the absenteeism rate also as in case of one private computer hardware stock certificate I worked at. Observations made by me while working at that hardware store determine three issues to be primarily responsible for worrisome OB issues thriving at the store and static leadership and management was one among them. The leaders there appeared to be least dedicated with resolving innumerous issues faced by the workforce and due to absence of a patent co mmunication path, a circle of confusions prevailed at the store which plummeted down the level of both employee motivation and customer satisfaction. ... When, such a dodge is maintained by employers, the employees begin to authority them which is a key element of sound OB. As much and amore employees are becoming less trusting of their domineering or passive employers, research proves that development of trust between leaders and employees is necessary for the generation of competitive organisational advantage through support, cooperation and the improvement of co-ordination mechanisms (Rocha 2001 cited in Connell, stupefy & Parry 2002, p. 145). Leadership practices, employee motivation, and organizational structure interrelate with each other which is why the hardware store I worked at failed to compete with other firms in the market in addition to internal issues the like poor management and job dissatisfaction. The managers at the store consistently refused to address the c oncerns of employees, which rapidly destroyed the geomorphologic framework of OB. OB is seriously at stake when the employees are un satisfy with the leadership style practices at the workplace which decreases the rate of motivation or when weak organizational designs are implemented. Decreased employee motivation sum a depressed workforce which is proved to be lethal for OB while a satisfied workforce proves to be an asset for a company. A peaceful and collaborative OB assists organizations in preparation many talents of unproductive employees while a domineering boss, in contrast, fosters a rough workplace environment which increases the rate of job dissatisfaction and decreases the rate of organizational commitment. A large percentage of workplace issues originating from negative OB are laden with confusions, fear, and unhealthy criticism because the leaders do not invest

My personal response Essay Example for Free

My personal response strainPersonally I dont kindred Holmes as he comes off to me as an arrogant, self-absorbed person. When Roylott storms in and compares him to the constabulary Holmes says Fancy his having the insolence to confound me with the official detective force Here he is saying that he is so much better than the police force and that he is stupid for comparing him to it. He is in addition in truth calm and not easily impress as shown again when Roylott storms in, protease inhibitor answers him When you go come on close the door, for on that point is a decided draught. He completely ignores the fact that Roylott is very angry,Then there is Dr Roylott who is draw as indulging in ferocious quarrels. , having a Violence of temper approaching to hallucination , being the Terror of the village and Absolutely uncontrollable in his anger Helen told Holmes of how he threw the local blacksmith into a stream, Roylott was portrayed as a very dangerous man. Conan Doyle w rote him well by building up a hate towards him that by the end when he died we have no sympathy for him just like Holmes. last there is Helen Stoner who is petrified of Roylott and what she thought was impending death. When she arrives at Holmes residence she was shaking and when Holmes asked whether she was frore she replied It is not cold which makes me shiver, It is fear, Mr. Holmes. It is terror. She is very open with Holmes as I think she is really confused and just wants to notice what happened to her babe as when Holmes says that he has a theory Helen gets very angry because he wont tell her.Sherlock Holmes is very good at maintaining interest and creating suspence mainly because he is very good with the language he chooses. Firstly Conan Doyle loves to use personification, stuff like It was a wild night, or gathering darkness this deeds as it adds a more personal feeling by writing actions or feelings which happens to us and linking them with objects.He also uses myster iousness ab step forward objects, animals or people just to get us hooked and we want to know more about it and it makes many questions in our heads which we want answered and we try to guess only to be surprised by the final twists and turns in the plot.When Conan Doyle sets the scene he uses many feelings and adjectives describing the place.A moment later we were out on the dark road, a chill wind blowing in our faces, and one yellow light trice in front of us through the gloom to guide us on our sombre errand. on that point was little difficulty in entering the grounds, for unrepaired breaches gaped in the old park wall.This creates strong images in our head by using words like gaped and sombre with each individual word adds a little piece of the picture.Conan Doyle also adds strength to the picture by using strong versions of words like boomed and wild instead of weak words like called or rough.My personal response to the book is that I didnt really enjoy the plot of the story but the way that Conan Doyle writes is amazing and it is blatant why he is so highly valued as a writer. I also enjoyed the way he described the settings and characters and used red herrings to have a big surprise twist at the end which was very thrilling reading.

The Ambition and Idealism of Benito Mussolini Essay Example for Free

The desire and Idealism of Benito Mussolini EssayThe rise and f all in all of the Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini in Italy during the early half of the 20th century demonstrate the story of a worldly concerns vision pursued, but eventually doomed. The decree of Mussolini in Italy is one remembered in history as a violent suppression of human rights in name of a ruthless intake to revive the past glory of Italy and ultimately (re)create an Italian imperium (Smith). Born in a small Italian settlement in the district of Predappio, his beginnings were humble (Roberts, 2006). However, his amend parents gave him an education which broadened his view of the world and led him to be dissatisfied and restless about the opportunities a man like him could have in Predappio. His father, who was a blacksmith, actively participated in collectivist concerns and voiced out his suasion against dubious policies that affected their labor (Roberts, 2006). His mother, who worked as a tame teacher in a small village for a meager salary, taught the young Benito discipline and focus.He was educated in a strict Catholic school which proved to be unsuitable for him because of his restlessness, inclination to rebellion and uncontrolled and violent temper (Haugen, 2007). after(prenominal) transferring to a different school, Mussolini blossomed into his adolescence with a great aptitude and flair for writing and oration. He became interested in politics, poetry and literature. Around 1902, he attempted to work as a schoolteacher but failed miserably at it, so he decided to migrate to Switzerland to find opportunity and also to escape the host draft during that time in Italy (Roberts, 2006).Upon his return to Italy in 1904 and the subsequent pardon of all draft dodgers in exchange for their enlistment in the army, Mussolini realized that his future was in the country of his birth (Roberts, 2006). His appetite for adventure, socialism, journalism and politics landed him an e ditorial job in Trent near the Italian-Austrian border where he asserted and promoted his Socialist beliefs. He also trumpeted the pride of being Italian and spoke about the Latin genius and courage (Roberts, 2006, 19).After being evicted from that district because of its anti- collectiviseds sentiments, he moved to Forli near his birthplace to work for a socialist newspaper and engaged himself in more political work (Benito Mussolini). It was in Forli where he was elected as the crypticalary for the Socialists. His popularity grew as he became more voracious in his writings and speeches. He drew deem from his radical decisions such as the strike he organized in Forli which resulted to his imprisonment (Benito Mussolini).When World screen I broke out, Mussolini opposed the participation of Italy claiming that he would only support class war and menace a proletariat revolution if Italy continued their support (Smith). But, he retracted soon after and advance young men to enlist this decision resulted in his expulsion from the Socialist company (Benito Mussolini). He form the Fascist party through the establishment of a pro-war group called Fasci dAzione Rivoluzionaria (Smith). However, Mussolini failed to secure the seats he inevitable in senate to gain power and control.After the breakdown of a weak alliance with the dominant party Popolare, Mussolini decided that he wont win the seats democratically, so he staged a siege in Rome which ended in the invitation of the king for him to build a new administration (Smith). It was at this point as the head of the National Fascist Party that he established himself as dictator, Il Duce (Mussolini). From that point on he would demand blind trust from the people after pressure through propaganda that he was after all their infallible, irreplaceable duce (Griffin, 2000, 31).As a dictator, Mussolini knew that absolute control was divulge in ensuring the attainment of his goals. He formed a powerful phalanx force and a secret police to vanquish insubordination (Mussolini). He converted the state economy into corporate state wherein all Italians in professional organizations were put in corporations controlled by the central government (Mussolini, Smith). Propaganda was crucial in Mussolinis career as dictator. He spent considerable time in planning and propagating his ideas through the press, films and school books (Smith). His training as a journalist and orator helped him broadcast his imperial ideas.To proselytize younger generation, he banned history books in school and indoctrinated them with the tenets of fascism (Benito Mussolini). Under his rule, he abolished the parliament and rewrote the laws to ensure the loyalty of either citizen to the Fascist party (Smith). He tempered his ruthlessness with popular decisions such as the approval of Vaticans independence. However, the peoples support to him started to wane as he made erratic, unplanned and senseless military and political deci sions. In an effort to expand Italys territory, he waged war in Ethiopia this was met with worldwide baulk (Mussolini).After the League of Nations condemned his imperialist decisions, he forged allegiance with the Nazi party although he previously opposed Hitler because of Mussolinis fear of losing Austria to the Germans. His allegiance to the Nazi marked the beginning of his gradual downfall as he supported the World War waged by Hitler (Benito Mussolini). Further, he spread anti-semitism in Italy which Lindemann (2007, 1) pertains to as an opportunistic, unsystematic and unprincipled decision. As the Allied powers encroached German territories, Italys weak military force gave in to the pressure of defeat.Mussolini sought refuge under the German forces and attempted to escape to Switzerland. However, anti-Fascist rebels seized their vehicle and got custody of Mussolini and twelve other Fascist party officials (Smith). They were summarily executed and their corpses were hung in pu blic where the people ridiculed and mocked their dead bodies. The ambition for power and control and its inevitable disintegration ended the twenty year reign of Mussolini in Italy. roughly historians claim that with the way Mussolini ruled Italy, it is doubtful whether he has as much idealism in him as his speech and propaganda portrayed (Griffin 2000).Whether it his idealism or his ambition which motivated his decisions, the scars of his dictatorial rule in Italy entrust remain in history as one of the deplorable outcomes of fascist dictatorial rule. References Benito Mussolini. (2008). ThinkQuest Library. Retrieved 30 January 2009 from http//library. thinkquest. org/17120/ entropy/bios/mussolini/ Griffin, R. (2000). How fascist was Mussolini. New Perspective 9. 1 pp. 31-35. Haugen, B. (2007). Benito Mussolini Fascist italian dictator. Minneapolis, Minn. Compass Point Books Lindemann, A. (2007) Benito Mussolini.UCSB History Department. Retrieved 30 January 2009 from http//www. history. ucsb. edu/syllabi/spring07/Lindemann/Mussolini2. pdf Mussolini, Benito Amicare Andrea (1999). Whos Who in the Twentieth Century. Oxford University Press. Oxford Reference Online. Retrieved 30 January 2009 from http//www. oxfordreference. com/views/ENTRY. html? subview=Mainentry=t47. e1187 Roberts, J. (2006). Benito Mussolini. Minneapolis Lerner Publishing. Smith, D. M. Benito Mussolini. Groiler Online. Retrieved 30 January 2009 from http//www. grolier. com/wwii/wwii_mussolini. html

Marketing and Twitter Essay Example for Free

merchandising and cheep Essay1. Is Twitter just a bright idea or a very clientele fortune? To what extent does Twitters situation reflect the past record of its founders? I think Twitter is a bright idea but also a real business opportunity that its founder has been waiting since 1997. Evan William has developed so many different ideas and created some(prenominal) companies which he sold. thither are so many similar social networking companies. Although the idea of Twitter is non fully superior or new, but its a most successful one. The founder takes a unique opportunity while others dont and he takes risks that others think is impossible. He had the vision and creativity of a straightforward entrepreneur.2. A). what is Twitters Advantages and challenges given it chosen technology configuration? Twitter is an easy-to-use broadcasting system that allows users pulsation to transmit short message in real time. It just need carry standard cellular phone to tapping out a mes sage. Its an open source platform while you can confine the subscription lists to selected subscribers, or leave it open, which allows anyone to sign up to read your Tweets.B). what are the benefits and challenges for passels looking to use Twitter internally and externally For internally, the employee can encouraged to loticipated in a group effort to post topic and totality in the conversation with the followers, and the corporation is able to get instant feedback from the followers by using snug Twitter polls. For externally, Corporations are using Twitter for a web site targeting a very box market, this is pretty impressive. There are few ways Twitter has positively impacted on corporations brand image. First, use Twitter can raise the visibility in the marketplace. Second, Twitter buzz off enabled corporation to connect with their customers in a way that makes them feel like they are a part of what corporation doing. Third, many people responded that they actively seek o ut product on social media. Moreover, Twitter can be a promotional evangelist for the corporation.3. What has been Twitters marketing approach to date, and is it sustainable? By the looks of the information from the case that looks like Twitter has reached its limits with the current marketing approach they used up to date. In order to avoid being pushed out of the market, Twitter should build relationships with potential rivals, but not trying to break them. The biggest marketing problem which Twitter faces is adapting their vision and strategy to the potential market. This can unless be done if they adapt a stable structure and operating process as oftentimes as changing their values according to their users and market needs.4. Can Twitter ever earn pelf? If so, what are the best ways it can monetize? Twitter can ever earn net income if they manage their market growth and armed service delivering correctly. For outsider, Twitter should consider selling a part of union to a m ore stable company that could assist them in staying ahead of their future rivals. Selling some rights can assisted them generating income and help them adjust their marketing strategy. For themselves, Twitter can sell advertising station and adding more attractive services to keep the user excited. Also, Twitter should pay attention to some service their competitor focus but they missed.

Psychology For Social Care Practice Essay Example for Free

Psychology For societal C atomic number 18 Practice EssayThis essay t bug out ensembleow for demonstrate my understanding of liftments which occur at from from each maven one set of an individuals look cycle. I forget yoke these developments to two relevant psychological theories and discuss how an individuals pauperisms mustiness be met to enable them to develop. The human life cycle can be broken down into 5 basic stages (Bingham et al. 2009)Infancy 0-2 yearspuerility 2-12 yearsAdolescence 12-21 yearsAdulthood 21-65 years quondam(a) Adulthood 65+ yearsDuring each stage of the life cycle, different physical, emotional, cognitive, amicable and cultural developments occur In infancy, physical changes include learnedness to get up, crawl and walk independently. At this stage, the infant impart catch to look for attention from others and seek spirit and love. Infants are able to interact with others by smiling/laughing and crying, and begin to traffic patte rn attachments to main portion out givers such as family members from around 6 months. Fine motor skills and communication skills (understanding and nervous straination of words) develop quickly in infancy and individuals bequ run downh make out used to the routines and norms of those around them. In puerility, physical development extends to skills in balance and control over the corpse. Emotionally, the child go out continue to strengthen bonds with primary care givers and social development will move on to interactive play and forming friendships. Language and expression develop nurture and the child shows a capacity to learn new information and skills as nearly as learning approximately and conforming to social and cultural norms.The body begins to change significantly in adolescence the individual will go through with(predicate) puberty. An adolescent will be more(prenominal) self aware than in childhood and will call on detached from primary care givers, instead p referring to form tautr relationships with friends and couples. The individual will form stronger affiliations to certain cultural and sub-cultural norms and will express these through personal style, partaking in activities and choosing certain peer groups. In early adulthood, the individual will reach a peak of physical live onness which they will thereafter have to bring at to maintain. More physical demands are made on the body such as childbearing, work and aging. Emotionally, a personin adulthood will have formal a role possibly in their place of work, or at hearth as a parent- how effectively they fill their role can effect self esteem. Social development can become limited to those with similar careers or interests and can be hindered by other responsibilities such as work and family commitments. Older adults whitethorn experience a decline in physical fitness eyesight whitethorn deteriorate and the body may become weaker.Some individuals may remain fairly fit easy into older adulthood and some may queue that physical fitness can deteriorate rapidly. Older adulthood can be isolating and ones self image can be altered through changing of roles eg. retirement. Socially, some find a sense of freedom in creation able to vary work behind and live, others lose a sense of purpose and find that their world may become minorer and more family focused. Older adults will have a well established perception of themselves and what they find acceptable as part of their culture. For this essay I have used Mrs. Oswald as a fountain study. Mrs. Oswald is a resident at Thorneycroft residential care home for older people. She has been a resident at Thorneycroft for six months and at ninety-five years old, is in the final stage of development as small in the life cycle breakdown above. Mrs. Oswald is relatively able bodied, she is able to bathe herself just requires service getting in and out of the bath.She is able to move around independently, she does ha ve a tripod to help her with this but she doesnt tend to use it. She is prone to falling over and has fallen fifteen times since moving to Thorneycroft, this is non helped by her insomnia which leaves her restless at iniquity so she ends up shoping around unattended. Mrs. Oswald is hard of earshot and requires a hearing aid but her eyesight is good when wearing her glasses. She has a good aim of personal hygiene and takes pride in her appearance. Before coming to Thorneycroft she had home help who assisted her with base tasks such as cooking and housework and helped her with medication for her cellulitis. Mrs. Oswald was a midwife for fifty years, she is well meliorate and enjoys sharing her knowledge and talking about her career. She keeps her mind active by reading the newspaper, doing crossword puzzles and acting dominoes when she goes to the day centre but it is possible that these activities are non stimulating enough for her. She is a little confused at times about her roles she behaves as though Thorneycroft staff are her employees and adopts a matron-like attitude with them, which probablycrosses over from her role in her career as a midwife.She can be forgetful but does not have dementia and in front moving to Thorneycroft was quite vulnerable as she sees the best in people and was being exploited by people doing odd jobs and coming in and out of her home. Mrs. Oswald appears to be content on the surface, she has started to accept death and talks about it openly. Her remaining family all live some distance away in England but she looks forward to a phonecall from her cousin each evening and seems to take comfort in speaking to him, appearing more settled after their conversations. She has outlived her nasty family husband and daughters and appears lonely. Mrs. Oswald doesnt talk much about her husband an daughters the way she does about her career, it is possible that talking about them makes her feel sad. As before, Mrs. Oswald has not mad e friends with other residents of Thorneycroft, though she has made a few friends at the daycentre. She likes to talk and could be encouraged to mix more which would help with her feelings of loneliness, she neer had friends or visitors at home before she came to Thorneycroft as her family all live far away and only visit to attend reappraisal meetings every six months.She has not formed close relationships with staff at Thorneycroft, instead, as mentioned before she treats them as her employees. Mrs. Oswald is an articulate and well spoken individual who has come from a middle class background. She appears to be well educated and has had a successful career as a midwife spanning fifty years. She had her daughters when she was young and out of wedlock, as a result they were brought up by her mother and Mrs. Oswald left at sixteen to begin her training as a midwife. Her career was important to her and she operose on this, not having any more children and marrying late in life.Her middle class upbringing has followed her through life, and she still takes pride in her appearance and has a strong sense of what she believes to be proper. Her husband and her enjoyed going on cruises and she is well- travelled. She does not attend church service services or appear to be religious at all. In club for them to progress success all-encompassingy through each stage in the life cycle, an individuals needs at each stage must be met. For example, our most basic physical needs are provide and nourishment, if these needs are not met in the infant stage, potential for development and progression into childhood will be threatened. For each facial gesture of development, certain needs must be metPhysical The body must be kept fit and healthy through nourishment, shelter from the elements and the cold, excercise and rest. Emotional The need to be loved and to feel love for others. ingenuous self esteem can be established from feeling loved and wanted by others. Social B eing able to interact and build relationships with people around you. Cognitive The need for opportunities to learn and develop knowledge and keep the mind active. Cultural Having your values, religion, diet, language etc.(norms) as part of your daily life. In order for me to understand the needs of Mrs. Oswald and to what extent her needs have been met throughout her life, I examined Erik Eriksons theory of eight psychosocial stages. Erikson believed that populace develop through eight predetermined stages (a detailed table of these can be found in appendix 1) and in order to progress successfully through life, we must successfully negotiate each stage and that failure to do so results in mental deficiencies such as lack of trust, which will remain with us throughout life (Collin et al., p. 273).Each stage has one imperative outcome and one negative outcome, and individuals progress through each life stage with a mixture of both, the differences between positive and negative be ing a result of the environment the individual is developing in. Mrs. Oswald, as an adolescent, would have undergo role confusion. She was from a middle class background but fell pregnant at a young age, resulting in her being hidden away and her mother raising her children as her own. It would have gone(p) against Mrs. Oswalds role as a respectable young girl to have children at such a young age. She went off to train as a midwife at sixteen and left her family and her daughters behind. She concentrated on her career and appeared not to have any intimacy throughout young adulthood. This was resolved in mature adulthood when Mrs. Oswald got married and enjoyed the intimacy which she had missed out on in young adulthood. She never had any more children but her husband nd her appeared to have a happy life and they enjoyed traveling together. Mrs. Oswald is now in maturity and has begun to talk about death in an accepting way.Her needs may not have been met in the early stages of he r life where she did not conform to her role in ordination and her life lacked intimacy, but later in life she had a successful and satisfying career and a happy marriage. I have used Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs (see appendix 2) to assess howMrs. Oswalds needs are being met now. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs starts at the basic physiological needs we need just to stoppage alive. Once these are made we have a need for safety, then we want love and affection. inwardly our group we want to have self esteem. Finally we have a need of satisfying our full potential that Maslow calls Self Actualization (Deeper Mind). Maslow believed that ones needs had to be met at each stage of the power structure before the needs at the next stage could be attended to. The first category in Maslows hierarchy refers to physiological needs. I believe that most of Mrs. Oswalds needs are being met at this level.She has plenty to eat and drink and since she is mobile she has some level of excercise. S he can have fresh air and she has warmth and shelter. However, Mrs. Oswalds need for sleep is not being met at Thorneycroft. She suffers from insomnia which is not helped by the fact that her bed is too small and therefore uncomfortable for her to sleep in. This has resulted in her being reluctant to settle in bed at night at all, so she is losing out on sleep. As a result of all her physiological needs not being met, all of Mrs. Oswalds safety needs are not being met either. Although she has shelter and security at Thorneycroft, the fact that she does not sleep has compromised her safety as she has a tendency to wander around at night time and is prone to falling as her mobility is not great.Mrs. Oswald appears sad that she has outlived her close family and her husband and doesnt speak about them much. She does have some distant family whom she speaks with on the phone every night which brings her some comfort, but she remains distant with others and reluctant to form close relatio nships with staff or accomplice residents. Her need for love and belonging has not been satisfied. In order for Mrs. Oswald to progress and reach self actualisation the care staff at Thorneycroft must work on the needs which are not being met. Getting her a bed which is comfortable for her to sleep in may help her to settle at night and reduce the risk of a fall. She could be encouraged to mix more with fellow residents and form closer relationships with them as well as staff. This will help with Mrs. Oswalds sense of love and belonging and come along her self-esteem which will help her to reach self actualisation.ReferencesBBC (2014) BBC News Magazine. Online Available from http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23902918 Accessed 13/11/2014 BINGHAM, E. et al (2009) HNC Social Care for Scotland. 12th Ed. Essex Heinemann. COLLIN, C. et al (2012) The Psychology Book. London DK London. MACLEOD, S. (2011) Simply Psychology. Online Available form http//www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson .html Accessed 11/11/2014. NORWOOD, G. (2014) Deeper Mind. Online Available from http//www.deepermind.com/20maslow.htm Accessed 11/11/2014

Forecasting the Adoption of E-Books Essay Example for Free

divination the Adoption of E-Books Essay challenge 1 The surface of the market for e-books in the long haul 293. 7 one thousand thousand x 46. 7% x 8% = 10. 973 million (Total US population x percentage of US population course session literature x Percentage of traditional paper books purchased online in 2003) It will withstand 10 years to reach 95% penetration of the potential market. Question 2 I name that the sale of the e-book when it first became available is 0. 751milion (pm) (Assumption each innovator buy one book. ) Question 3 The long-run total bridal of e-books would be 10. 973 million.(Total US population x percentage of US population withdrawing literature x Percentage of traditional paper books purchased online in 2003) Question 4 I do expect the market for e-books tend to be guided by imitators rather than innovators. According to the table above, I found that the weighted average for e-book of q (0. 0684) is larger than p (0. 2990). In addition, the word of mouth takes an important single-valued function in the adoption of e-books. The information about the e-book from the innovators contribute much to the adoption of e-books since citizenry tend to intermit to change their old reading habit.Question 5S(t)=p+(q/m)N(t-1)m-N(t-1) yr 1 0. 0684+(0. 2990/10. 973) X (0)10. 973-0 = 0. 751 million Year 2 0. 0684+(0. 2990/10. 973) X (0. 751)10. 973-0. 751 = 0. 908 million Year 3 0. 0684+(0. 2990/10. 973) X (1. 659)10. 973-1. 659 = 1. 059 million Year 4 0. 0684+(0. 2990/10. 973) X (2. 717)10. 973-2. 717 = 1. 176 million Year 5 0. 0684+(0. 2990/10. 973) X (3. 893)10. 973-3. 893 = 1. 235 million Question 6 The adoption of e-book will be very different from digital melody obtained online. The adoption of e-books face much challenges when comparing to the adoption of digital music.To most of the listeners, there is not much difference in experience between listening to a song from an iPod and a CD player. Therefore, they have a relatively low switching address and much willing to change their habits. On the contrary, to most of the readers, it is definitely very different from reading an e-book to reading a printed book. The feelings of holding a printed book and flipping over a physical book atomic number 18 irreplaceable. So readers are loyal to printed book and hesitate to switch from traditional books to e-books.Hence, it is reasonable to predict that the pace of adopting digital music is faster than the pace of adopting e-books. Question 7 I think both of the attitudes about reading and purchasing e-content have changed a lot in recent years. In the old clipping, people could read e-content via PC only. Nowadays, people are able to read e-content through various mobile devices. Therefore, they spend more clipping on reading e-content especially during leisure time and even commuting time. However, the quality of the reading military campaign is diminishing as the overload of e-content available on Internet.I n addition, people tend to rely more on the e-content since it is very convenient, environmentally friendly, high mobility and high accessibility. For the attitude about purchasing e-content, more people are willing to pay for the e-content in recent years. The advanced online payment system plays an important role. quite a little feel more secure and also convenient when dealing online ever than before. Moreover, more well-known and large-scale publishers offer more choices of e-content for readers. Besides, in the light of the prevalent of mobile device, people have more time and chances to read the e-content regardless of the time and places.Thus, people are more willing to spend on e-content than before. Question 8 The hardware plays a paramount important role in the adoption of e-books. No subject area how amazing the e-content is, the e-books would not be popularized if the hardware were not user-friendly. However, a good hardware is very probable to boost sales of the e-bo oks. It is because the hardware is a fixed cost while the e-books are the variable cost to the readers. A portable hardware with proper size of monitor and high capacity is very mesmerizing to the readers.They no longer need to neither carry the bulky printed books nor spare some places for storage. Moreover, the hardware enables readers to read comfortably when comparing to read via PC or smart phone. It is good for the readers eyes. Last but not least, the hardware contributed to protecting the environment as it saves much paper. Only when the hardware preforms better than the tradition printed books, the adoption of e-books will be success. Question 9 I do expect the size and also the design of scattering are quite different globally as compared to the joined States.The size and the pattern of diffusion depend on many factors. Population, culture, attitude to new products, technology and even literacy could be one of the variables of the size and pattern of diffusion. Take Afr ica as an example though the population size of Africa is much larger than The United States, the potential size of the market for e-books must be obviously different from the United States. So it is not difficult to understand that the size and pattern of diffusion of various places will not be like to the United States.

Focus on the Learner Essay Example for Free

Focus on the Learner Essay1.Group visiblenessIts a mixed group with a very mixed cultural background as al sensation three students argon actually from Germany. Four of the students were born in some other country e.g. Lithuania, Turkey, France and Romania. They all locomote to Germany as adults and all sh ar German as a common langu epoch.The group is heterogeneous concerning the age they started learning side of meat. Two students started learning as adults while the others started learning at school. Most of the students have learnt another language as an adult and therefore have previous language learning experience. The motivation for doing the cut through is quite high and the group can be divided into two groups students who need English for their ancestry/university and students who want to learn for their own honorment. They ar all at upper intermediate level.Except for one student (who could be classed as a converger), the overall group could be classed as co ncrete learners. They revel the social aspects of learning and identical to learn from direct experience. They are interested in the language and they enjoy games and group-work in class. The entire group could also be classed as communicative learners because they show a period of confidence and a willingness to take risks. They are much more interested in social fundamental interaction with other speakers of the language than they are with analysis of how the language works. (Learning styles based on Keith Willing 1987).2.Strengths and worn bring outnessesGrammarThe students are weak when forming the ease up straightforward (especially 3rd person singular) (e.g. I must to take the train, She like climbing, Stephen come from Australia) very often confusing it with the picture ceaseless. (Sometimes Im reading Turkish books). Most students also have problems when using the fair agone (we seed its ill, I gone to school with her, We can found this in a school, Where are you born?, She were ).Some students also have problems with verb-noun collocations (e.g. She make all the housework)VocabularyThe students have a slap-up basic knowledge of vocabulary. They can talk about themselves, where they come from, their profession, their families, experiences they have had in the past and things they like to spend more money on. (Example of good language My picture is a technical object barely I really dont know what it is used for, Because you met the Pope, you changed your mind You said dug so it is dig, dug, dug = verb orientation).many of the students try to translate directly from German into English (The cat was by us) and sometimes use a German word in a sentence, using it questioningly enabling other students to dish up out with the correct English word. The students respond very well, offering suggestions until correct answer is found.Most of the students focus on beating the exact translation of the unknown word rather than trying to paraphrase th eir idea.Pronunciation all told the students have a strong L1 interference and speak with an accent.The group responds well to drilling the right orthoepy and where to put stress on the words. They are keen to sound natural and like repeating afterthe teacher.Some students pronounce the endings of words that arent necessary e.g. clothes, See instead of sea, Lus their jobsWords 2083.Strengths and weaknesses skillsReadingThe students are up to(p) to read a school text fairly quickly in order to understand the overall meaning. after enquiring about a few words of vocabulary (sometimes looking this up themselves in a dictionary) they are able to answer all the questions quickly and correctly.ListeningThe students are able to listen to texts read to them and in most cases understand the general meaning already after the first time. After hearing the text for the second time, they are able to answer questions, in most cases correctly.The students react well to instructions and during c onference they wait patiently until their dialogue partner has finished.One student is a panicky listener, the others all attend to be relaxed listeners.WritingThe students have a wide range of vocabulary appropriate for the given tasks. Their sentences are well-structured and they make few mistakes.SpeakingThe students try to use structured sentences. If they are confident with the vocabulary incredulity is less frequent, with new vocabulary or grammar most students hesitate frequently. The students are motivated to improve their oratory ability and they make a great effort to only speak English.Some of them use gestures when they do not know a word, others switch between German and English, using the German word to guide in the gaps in the sentence (I go with the Straenbahn, I make Teig with Zimt and ).4.RecommendationsLanguage development1.Total English Workbook (Pre-intermediate)Antonia Clare/JJ Wilson Longman Publishers scalawag 8, Section 1.3Grammar Present Simple vs Pre sent Continuous pleaAll 3 exercises on this scalawag help the students to distinguish between the present simple and the present continuous. It also concerns activities they can associate with2.New rude(a) Edge (Pre-intermediate Students Book)Sarah Cunningham/Peter Moor Pearson/Longman PublishersModule 4, page 34Language Focus 1Present continuous and present simple pleaAt the top left of the page there is a grammar exercise divide where the students have to underline and give an example of the present simple/present continuous. Exercises 1 and 2 help to practice the use of them.3.Language to go Students Book (Pre-intermediate) gillie Cunningham/Sue Mohamed Longman PublishersLesson 3, page 9 The Present (Grammar focus) vindicationExercises for the students to practice distinguishing between Present simple and Present continuous. First of all filling in the gaps, thus writing their own email and finally using the language by talking in pairs4.Total English Students Book (Pre-in termediate)Richard Acklam/Araminta Crace Pearson/Longman PublishersChapter 1, page 14 Review and practiceJustificationExercises for practicing both present simple and present continuous (including question-forming)5.Clockwise Pre-intermediate Class BookBruce McGowen Vic Richardson Oxford University PressChapter 25, page 65 Present simple and continuousJustificationStudents can fill in the tables with the verb and then complete the rules for using Present simple and continuous themselves in exercise 16.New discrepancy Basis for BusinessDavid Christie Cornelsen OxfordUnit 2, pages 24 and 25 Further get hold of (Simple present and present continuous)JustificationOn page 24 there is an explanation of when to use simple present and present continuous and on page 25 there are exercises to practice7.New Edition Basis for BusinessDavid Christie Cornelsen OxfordUnit 3, pages 37 and 38 Further study (Simple past and past continuous)JustificationOn page 37 there is an explanation o f when to use simple past and past continuous and on page 38 there are exercises to practice8.Powerbase Pre-intermediateDavid Evans Longman PublishersUnit 4, pages 30 to 33 sack placesJustificationThe article on page 31 is quite interesting for the students. On page 30 they can fill-in the verbs in the past and present form and on page 32 the past simple can be practiced in exercises.9.Business opportunitiesVicki Hollett Cornelsen OxfordUnit 5, Growth and development, pages 50 and 51 historic experiencesJustificationThe article on page 31 is quite interesting for the students. On page 50 they can fill-in a time line. On page 51 there is an explanation on when to use the simple past, questions for the students to answer and discussion exercise.Skills development10.Business opportunitiesVicki Hollett Cornelsen OxfordUnit 2, Telephoning to make arrangements, pages 23, 150 and 151Justification Students usually enjoy doing role play. In these exercises they work with a partner and discuss a) a conference course and b) arranging a meeting.11.Business opportunitiesVicki Hollett Cornelsen OxfordUnit 7, Telephoning to exchange information, page 73Justification Students will probably find the stories on this page quite amusing. They will then discuss any car accidents or eccentric incidents that they have experienced themselves.References1.Total English Workbook (Pre-intermediate)Antonia Clare/JJ Wilson Longman Publishers2.New Cutting Edge (Pre-intermediate Students Book)Sarah Cunningham/Peter Moor Pearson/Longman Publishers3.Language to go Students Book (Pre-intermediate)Gillie Cunningham/Sue Mohamed Longman Publishers4.Total English Students Book (Pre-intermediate)Richard Acklam/Araminta Crace Pearson/Longman Publishers 5.Clockwise Pre-intermediate Class BookBruce McGowen Vic Richardson Oxford University Press6.New Edition Basis for BusinessDavid Christie Cornelsen Oxford7.Powerbase Pre-intermediateDavid Evans Longman Publishers8.Business opportu nitiesVicki Hollett Cornelsen Oxford

Locke, Berkeley & Hume Essay Example for Free

Locke, Berkeley Hume EssayEnlightenment began with an unpar onlyeled confidence in human reason. The new-fangled acquaintances success in making clear the natural land through Locke, Berkeley, and Hume affected the efforts of philosophy in two ways. The first is by locating the basis of human roll in the hayledge in the human sound judgement and its encounter with the physical world. Second is by directing philosophys attention to an analysis of the headspring that was capable of such(prenominal) cognitive success. John Locke set the tone for enlightenment by affirming the foundational principle of empiricism There is zip in the intellect that was not previously in the reeks. Locke could not accept the Cartesian rationalist article of faith in innate ideas. According to Locke, all knowledge of the world essential ultimately rest on mans sensory control. The see arrives at sound conclusions through reflection after sensation. In other terminology the mind combines and compounds sensory impressions or ideas into more building complex concepts building its conceptual understanding. There was skepticism in the empiricist position mainly from the rationalist orientation.Locke recognized there was no guarantee that all human ideas of things actually resembled the external objects they were suppose to represent. He also realized he could not reduce all complex ideas, such as substance, to sensations. He did know there were three factors in the process of human knowledge the mind, the physical object, and the perception or idea in the mind that represents that object. Locke, however, attempted a partial ascendant to such problems. He did this by making the distinction between primary and secondary qualities.Primary qualities throw ideas that are simply consequences of the subjects perceptual apparatus. With focusing on the Primary qualities it is model that science can make believe reliable knowledge of the secular world. Locke fought off ske pticism with the argument that in the end both types of qualities must be regarded as experiences of the mind. Lockes Doctrine of Representation was therefore undefendable. According to Berkleys analysis all human experience is phenomenal, limited to appearances in the mind.Ones perception of nature is ones rational experience of nature, making all sense selective in actation objects for the mind and not representations of material substances. In effect objet dart Locke had reduced all mental circumscribe to an ultimate basis in sensation, Berkeley now further reduced all sense data to mental contents. The distinction, by Locke, between qualities that belong to the mind and qualities that belong to matter could not be sustained. Berkeley sought to crucify the contemporary tendency toward atheistic Materialism which he felt arose without just cause with modern science.The empiricist justly aims that all knowledge rests on experience. In the end, however, Berkeley pointed out tha t experience is nothing more than experience. All representations, mentally, of so-called substances, materially, are as a final result ideas in the mind presuming that the outliveence of a material world external to the mind as an unwarranted assumption. The idea is that to be does not mean to be a material substance rather to be means to be perceived by a mind. Through this Berkeley held that the individual mind does not subjectively determine its experience of the world.The reason that different individuals continually percieve a similar world and that a reliable cast inheres in that world is that the world and its order depend on a mind that transcends individual minds and is universal (Gods mind). The universal mind produces sensory ideas in individual minds according to certain regularities such as the laws of nature. Berkeley strived to preserve the empiricist orientation and solve Lockes representation problems, while also preserving a spiritual foundation for human exper ience. serious as Berkeley followed Locke, so did David Hume of Berkeley.Hume drove the empiricist epistemo rational critique to its final extreme by using Berkeleys insight only turning it in a direction more characteristic of the modern mind. Being an empiricist who grounded all human knowledge in sense experience, Hume agreed with Lockes general idea, and too with Berkeleys criticism of Lockes theory of representation, but disagreed with Berkeleys idealist solution. Behind Humes analysis is this thought Human experience was indeed of the phenomenal only, of sense impressions, but there was no way to escort what was beyond the sense impressions, spiritual or otherwise.To start his analysis, Hume distinguished between sensory impressions and ideas. Sensory impressions be the basis of any knowledge coming with a force of liveliness and ideas being faint copies of those impressions. The headway is then asked, What causes the sensory impression? Hume answered None. If the mind an alyzes its experience without preconception, it must recognize that in fact all its supposed knowledge is base on a continuous chaotic volley of discrete sensations, and that on these sensations the mind imposes an order of its own.The mind cant rattling know what causes the sensations because it never experiences cause as a sensation. What the mind does experience is simple impressions, through an association of ideas the mind assumes a causal relation that really has no basis in a sensory impression. Man can not assume to know what exists beyond the impressions in his mind that his knowledge is based on. Part of Humes intention was to disprove the metaphysical engages of philosophical rationalism and its deductive logic. According to Hume, two kinds of suggests are possible.One view is based purely on sensation while the other purely on intellect. Propositions based on sensation are ever with matters of concrete fact that can also be contingent. It is raining outside is a pro position based on sensation because it is concrete in that it is in fact raining out and contingent in the fact that it could be different outside like sunny, but it is not. In contrast to that a proposition based on intellect concerns relations between concepts that are always necessary like all squares have four equal sides.But the truths of pure reason are necessary only because they exist in a self contained system with no mandatory reference to the external world. Only logical definition makes them true by making explicit what is implicit in their own terms, and these can claim no necessary relation to the nature of things. So, the only truths of which pure reason is capable are redundant. honor cannot be asserted by reason alone for the ultimate nature of things. For Hume, metaphysics was just an exalted form of mythology, of no relevance to the real world. A more disturbing consequence of Humes analysis was its undermining of empirical science itself.The minds logical progre ss from many particulars to a universal certainty could never be absolutely legitimated. Just because event B has always been seen to follow event A in the past, that does not mean it exit always do so in the future. Any acceptance of that law is only an ingrained psychological persuasion, not a logical certainty. The causal necessity that is apparent in phenomena is the necessity only of condemnation subjectively, of human imagination controlled by its regular association of ideas. It has no objective basis. The regularity of events can be perceived, however, there necessity can not.The result is nothing more than a subjective feeling brought on by the experience of apparent regularity. Science is possible, but of the phenomenal only, determined by human psychology. With Hume, the ontogenesis empiricist stress on sense perception was brought to its ultimate extreme, in which only the volley and chaos of those perceptions exist, and any order imposed on those perceptions was arbit rary, human, and without objective foundation. For Hume all human knowledge had to be regarded as credit and he held that ideas were faint copies of sensory impressions instead of vice versa.Not only was the human mind slight than perfect, it could never claim access to the worlds order, which could not be said to exist apart from the mind. Locke had retained a certain faith in the capacity of the human mind to grasp, however imperfectly, the general outlines of an external world by means of combining operations. With Berkeley, there had been no necessary material basis for experience, though the mind had retained a certain independent spiritual power derived from Gods mind, and the world experienced by the mind derived its order from the same source. Word Count 1374.

Human skin color Essay Example for Free

Human flake off color EssayVirtue, then, is a state that decides, consisting in a mean, the mean relative to us, which is defined by reference to reason, that is to say, to the reason by reference to which the prudent mortal would define it. It is a mean mingled with devil vices, one of excess and one of deficiency Aristotles definition of Virtue of Character however what is it really saying. Let us define it with the Socratic comment per genus et differentia. Let us break it into the three parts genus, species and the differentiating factor (differentia). The genus or general topic would be virtue of character, the species or the specific area of virtue of character would be the mean between the two vices excess and deficiency, lastly is the differentiating factor or what makes the species different from other forms of it which would be the situation and how individual large number can reason out different outcomes from what is required from them.Virtue is an activity of the human soul and has two parts virtue of character and virtue of intellect. Virtue of intellect is wisdom and knowledge an example would be studying at school. Virtue of character is learned by action and practice an example would be learning that cheating on tests is bad and knowing not to attempt it. Reasoning out where we footstall in a particular situation is not related to knowledge or studying but rather repeated application of acts so Aristotles is stating acts of character not of intellect.Nothing can be to good, have to little and you have deficiency have too much and its excess. The mean is the affectionateness ground between too much and too little. This mean varies on individual to person. An example would be too much sun.Take a 2 people one with a fair shinny tone and one with a down(p) skin tone. The mean amount of sun for the dark skin tone would be excess to the fair skinned person and possibly give them sunburn. Give the dark toned person the mean amount of sun required by the fair toned person and you have deficiency and could led to lack of vitamin E. But its up to the individual to regulate between the two through trial and error.

Economic Systems Essay Example for Free

Economic Systems EssaySocialismSocialism is an stinting carcass where severally the sparing decisions atomic number 18 made by the disposal or a important authority. thither lead be no hugger-mugger property rights since the government officially consumes all resources. It is as surface known as a command saving or a planned frame. Socialist sparing science lifts to the scotch theories, practices, and norms of hypothetical and pull rounding complaisantist scotch systems. A leftover economy is based on some clear of mixer ownership, which includes varieties of world ownership and independent cooperatives, over the mover of issue, wherein output signal is carried pop to in a flash produce use- look on some cartridge holders, but not always, coordinated by dint of frugal mean and a system of accounting based on calculation-in-kind or a direct measure of labor-time. The term collective economics may also be applied to analysis of former and hol d outing economic systems that call themselves collectivised, much(prenominal) as the elaborates of Hungarian economist Jnos Kornai. Socialist economics has been associated with different schools of economic thought, close to notably Marxian economics, institutional economics, evolutionary economics and neo authorized economics. Early communism, worry Ricardian communism, was based on mobical economics. During the 20th ampere-second, proposals and roomls for planned economies and market communism were based heavily on neo coterieical economics or a synthesis of neo unmingled economics with Marxian or institutional economics.look morewhat is the basic economic problem essayCharacteristics1 Public ownership of resources exclusively the resources argon owned and operated by the carry or the government in the interest of society as a whole. This is to escort equal luck of all citizens regard little of their in clear-cut. Public ownership also aims to fully utilize the coun filters resources.2 Central planning authorityThe central authority is responsible for making economic decisions for society. The authority plans and allocates resources betwixt current consumption and investment for the future.3 Price mechanism of little(prenominal)er importanceSocialism gives less importance to market forces. Prices are fixed by the government and not determined by entreat and furnish. Private take ins are not allowed and public interest is emphasized in the command economy.4 Central control and ownershipA left economy is a fully planned economy where the government intervenes in all aspects of economic action mechanism. The government controls production, consumption, and the distribution of goods and services.Merits of Socialism1 Production check to basic wantsProduction in a soil-controlled economy is mainly directed at producing the basic needs of the people such as food, clothing and building materials. It is not determined by the purchasing powe r of the rich in society. The phenomenon of the rich getting richer and the unworthy getting poorer does not exist in the well-disposedist economy. 2 Equal distribution of income and wealthThere is no difference amid the rich and the poor. This system provides equal opportunity for all citizens in earning an income. Wealth is also equally distributed since buck private enterprise is limited3 Better storage allocation of resourses on a lower floor the socialist system, the planning authority will allocate resources between current consumption and future investment.4 No serious unemployment or street corner/ inflationThe unemployment rate and inflation are usually taken care of by the government to ensure economic stability in the country.5 Rapid economic developmentIn a fabianism system, the economy grows faster. The main factors responsible for the rapic economic growth are the full utilization of resources, planning and active decisions.6 Social welfareThe government will pr ovide all citizens of the country with full social security benefits such as pension, accident benefits and others. Since the government is concerned, excavate dispute and wastage of resources do not exist in a socialism system.Economic Decisions in a Socialistic SystemWhat to produceIn Socialism, planning authorities decide what to produce. The Central Planning Authority will collect detailed statistics on the resource availability in the country and link it with national priorities. If the planning authority has a prime(prenominal) of producing computers using more labour or more machinery. How to produceThe Central Planning Authority also decided on the techniques to be used in the production of different goods and services. The choice is between conventional and modernistic technique of production. For example, the planning authority has a choice of producing computers using more labour or more machinery. For whom to produceThe distribution of the national product is decided by the Central Planning Authority. The distribution of various commodities among citizens is d angiotensin-converting enzyme through a set of administred fixwd processes. Necessity goods are fixed at deject prices, and luxury goods at higher prices. The purpose of these fixed prices is to reduce inequalities in the distribution of income.Demerits of Socialism1 Lacks of bonuss and initative by individualsIndividuals have no profit motive. This will lead to economic inefficiency since jobs are provided by the government and individuals are not motivated to work harder. 2 Loss of economic freedom and consumer sovereigntyUnder a socialist economy, the central planning authority or the government directs all economic activity. There is no choice given to the consumer and they accept whatever public enterprise produce. There is little transition in the goods and services produced and availability is restricted. Limited private organizations exist in a socialist economy.3 Absence of com petitionSince at that place are limited private enterprises, less research and development(RD) activities are carried out. This results in low quality products since there is no competition.Socialist economies in theoryRobin Hahnel and Michael Albert bring up five economic models within the rubric of socialist economics * Public Enterprise Centrally intend Economy in which all property is owned by the State and all separate economic decisions are made centrally by the State, the former Soviet Union.* Public Enterprise State-Managed Market Economy, wiz form of market socialism which attempts to use the price mechanism to increase economic efficiency, while all decisive productive assets remain in the ownership of the state, e.g. socialist market economy in chinaware after reform.* A mixed economy, where public and private ownership are mixed, and where industrial planning is finally subordinate to market allocation, the model generally adopted by social democrats e.g. in twent ieth century Sweden.* Public Enterprise Employee Managed Market Economies, another form of market socialism in which publicly owned, employee-managed production units engage in free market ex alter of goods and services with one another as n ahead of time as with final consumers, e.g. mid twentieth century Yugoslavia, Two more theoretical models are Prabhat Ranjan Sarkars advanced Utilization Theory and Economic democracy.* Public Enterprise Participatory Planning, an economy featuring social ownership of the means of production with allocation based on an integration of decentralized democratic planning, e.g. stateless communism, libertarian socialism. An incipient diachronic forebear is that of Catalonia during the Spanish revolution. More developed theoretical models include those of Karl Pol bothi, Participatory Economics and the negotiated coordination model of be sick Devine, as well as in Cornelius Castoriadiss pamphlet Workers Councils and the Economics of a Self-Managed Society.Additionally, Jnos Kornai identifies five transparent classifications for socialism * Classical / Marxist conception, where socialism is a stage of economic development in which absorb labour, private property in the means of production and monetary relations have been made additional through the development of the productive forces, so that corking accumulation has been superseded by economic planning. Economic planning in this translation means conscious allocation of economic inputs and the means of production by the associated producers to directly maximise use-values as opposed to exchange-values, in contrast to the anarchy of production of capitalism.* Walrasian / Market Socialist which defines socialism as public-ownership or cooperative-enterprises in a market economy, with prices for producer goods set through a trial and error method by a central planning board. In this view, socialism is defined in term of de jure public property rights over major enterpri ses.* Leninist conception, which includes a form of semipolitical organisation based on control of the means of production and government by a single political party apparatus that claims to act in the interest of the working class, and an ideology hostile toward markets and political dissent, with coordination of economic activity through centralised economic planning (a command economy).* Social Democratic concept, based on the capitalistic mode of production, which defines socialism as a set of values rather than a specific type of social and economic organisation. It includes unconditional support for parliamentary democracy, gradual and reformist attempts to establish socialism, and support for socially progressive causes. Social democrats are not opposed to the market or private property instead they try to ameliorate the effects of capitalism through a welfare state, which relies on the market as the profound coordinating entity in the economy and a degree of public owner ship/public provision of public goods in an economy otherwise dominated by private enterprise.* East Asian model, or socialist market economy, based on a largely free-market, capital accumulation for profit and substantial private ownership along with state-ownership of strategic industries monopolised by a single political party. Jnos Kornai ultimately leaves the classification of this model (as either socialist or capitalist) to the reader.16What are the disadvantages and advantages of socialism?Advantages of Socialism* In environments with plentiful resources, socialism provides all members with their survival needs, creating a stable social environment. * Members that cannot participate economically due to disabilities, age, or periods of poor health can still impart wisdom, emotional support and continuity of experience to the system. * Freedom from work provides opportunity for some societal members to explore non-economically-productive pursuits, such as pure science, math and non-popular arts.Disadvantages of Socialism* Since there is no culling and no economic advantage to working harder, socialistic systems provide no inherent incentive to participate. This makes socialism inbredly unstable. * Due to a lack of incentives, socialistic systems tend not to be competitive, making them externally unstable. * In times of plenty, immigrants are drawn to the free resources offered by socialistic systems, while potentially adding nothing economically productive. * In times of scarcity, resentment of non-economically-productive members of society increases, causing a destabilizing effect on the society and economyHistory of socialist economic thought regard ass of socialism have root in pre-capitalist institutions such as the religious communes, reciprocal obligations, and communal charity of Mediaeval Europe, the development of its economic theory primarily reflects and responds to the monumental changes brought about by the dissolution of feudalism and th e emergence of specifically capitalist social relations. As such it is third estately regarded as a movement belonging to the modern era. umpteen socialists have considered their advocacy as the preservation and extension of the radical humanist ideas expressed in discretion doctrine such as Jean-Jacques Rousseaus Discourse on Inequality, Wilhelm von Humboldts Limits of State Action, or Immanuel Kants insistent defense of the cut Revolution.Capitalism appeared in mature form as a result of the problems raised when an industrial pulverization system requiring long-term investment and entailing corresponding risks was introduced into an internationalized commercial (mercantilist) framework. Historically speaking, the most pressing needs of this untried system were an assured supply of the elements of industry land, elaborate machinery, and labour and these imperatives led to the commodification of these elements. According to authoritative socialist economic historian Karl Po lanyis classic account, the forceful transformation of land, money and especially labour into commodities to be allocated by an autonomous market mechanism was an alien and inhuman rupture of the pre- breathing social fabric. Marx had viewed the process in a similar light, referring to it as part of the process of primitive accumulation whereby enough initial capital is amassed to begin capitalist production.The dislocation that Polyani and others describe, triggered natural counter-movements in efforts to re-embed the economy in society. These counter-movements, that included, for example, the Luddite rebellions, are the incipient socialist movements. Over time such movements gave birth to or acquired an array of intellectual defenders who attempted to develop their ideas in theory. As Polanyi noted, these counter-movements were mostly reactive and therefore not full-fledged socialist movements. Some demands went no save than a wish to mitigate the capitalist markets worst effects . Later, a full socialist program developed, lean for systemic transformation.Its theorists believed that even if markets and private property could be tame so as not to be excessively exploitative, or crises could be goodly mitigated, capitalist social relations would remain significantly inequitable and anti-democratic, suppressing universal human needs for fulfilling, empowering and creative work, diversity and solidarity.Within this context socialism has undergone four periods the depression in the 19th century was a period of utopian visions (1780s-1850s) then occurred the rise of revolutionary socialist and Communist movements in the 19th century as the primary opposition to the rise of corporations and industrialization (18301916) the polarization of socialism around the question of the Soviet Union, and adoption of socialist or social democratic policies in response (19161989) and the response of socialism in the neo-liberal era (1990- ). As socialism developed, so did t he socialist system of economics.Utopian socialismThe first theories which came to hold the term socialism began to be formu noveld in the late 18th century, and were termed socialism early in the 19th century. The central beliefs of the socialism of this period rested on the exploitation of those who labored by those who owned capital or rented land and housing. The abject misery, poverty and complaint to which laboring classes seemed destined was the inspiration for a series of schools of thought which argued that life under a class of masters, or capitalists as they were then becoming to be called, would consist of working classes cosmos causal agentn put down to subsistence wages.Socialist ideas found expression in utopian movements, which often formed agricultural communes aimed at being self-sufficient on the land. These included many religious movements, such as the Shakers in America. Utopian socialism had little to offer in terms of a systematic theory of economic pheno mena. In theory, economic problems were dissolved by a utopian society which had transcended material scarcity. In practice, small communities with a common spirit could sometimes resolve allocation problems.Socialism and classical political economyThe first make believe theories of socialist economics were significantly impacted by classical economic theory, including elements in Adam Smith, Robert Malthus and David Ricardo. In Smith there is a conception of a common good not provided by the market, a class analysis, a concern for the dehumanizing aspects of the factory system, and the concept of rent as being unproductive. Ricardo argued that the renting class was parasitic. This, and the possibility of a general glut, an over accumulation of capital to produce goods for sale rather than for use, became the al-Qaida of a rising critique of the concept that free markets with competition would be sufficient to prevent dim downturns in the economy, and whether the need for expans ion would inevitably lead to war.Socialist political economy before MarxCharles Fourier, influential early French socialist thinkerA key early socialist theorist of political economy was Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. He was the most well-known of nineteenth century mutualist theorists and the first thinker to refer to himself as an anarchist. Others were Technocrats like Henri de Saint Simon, agrarian radicals like Thomas Spence, William Ogilvie and William Cobbett anti-capitalists like Thomas Hodgskin communitarian and utopian socialists like Robert Owen, William Thompson and Charles Fourier anti-market socialists like John Gray and John Francis Bray the Christian mutualist William Batchelder Greene as well as the theorists of the Chartist movement and early proponents of syndicalism. The first advocates of socialism promoted social leveling in order to create a meritocratic or technocratic society based upon individual talent.Count Henri de Saint-Simon was the first individual to hit t he term socialism. Simon was fascinated by the enormous potential of science and technology, which led him to advocate a socialist society that would eliminate the disorderly aspects of capitalism and which would be based upon equal opportunities. Simon advocated a society in which each person was ranked according to his or her capacities and rewarded according to his or her work.This was accompanied by a desire to implement a rationally organized economy based on planning and geared towards large-scale scientific and material progress, which embodied a desire for a semi-planned economy. Other early socialist thinkers were influenced by the classical economists. The Ricardian socialists, such as Thomas Hodgskin and Charles Hall, were based on the work of David Ricardo and reasoned that the sense of balance value of commodities approximated producer prices when those commodities were in elastic supply, and that these producer prices corresponded to the embodied labor. The Ricardian socialists viewed profit, interest and rent as deductions from this exchange-value.pika KapitalKarl Marx employed systematic analysis in an ambitious attempt to elucidate capitalisms contradictory laws of motion, as well as to expose the specific mechanisms by which it exploits and alienates. He radically modified classical political economic theories. Notably, the labor theory of value that had been worked upon by Adam Smith and David Ricardo, was transformed into his characteristic law of value and used for the purpose of revealing how trade good fetichism obscures the reality of capitalist society. His approach, which Engels would call scientific socialism, would balk as the branching point in economic theory in one direction went those who spurned the capitalist system as primordially anti-social, arguing that it could never be harnessed to effectively clear up the fullest development of human potentialities wherein the free development of each is the condition for the fr ee development of all..Das Kapital is one of the many famous incomplete works of economic theory Marx had planned four volumes, completed two, and left his collaborator Engels to complete the third. In many ways the work is modelled on Adam Smiths Wealth of Nations, pursuance to be a comprehensive logical description of production, consumption and finance in relation to ethics and the state. It is a work of philosophy, anthropology and sociology as much as one of economics. However, it has several important statements * The Law of Value Capitalist production is the production of an immense multitude of commodities or generalised commodity production.A commodity has two essential qualities firstly, they are effectual, they satisfy some human want, the nature of such wants, whether, for instance, they spring from the go or from fancy, makes no difference, and secondly they are sold on a market or exchanged. critically the exchange value of a commodity is independent of the amount of labour required to appropriate its useful qualities. But rather depends on the amount of socially necessary labour required to produce it. All commodities are sold at their value, so the origin of the capitalist profit is not in rip off or theft but in the fact that the cost of reproduction of labour power, or the workers wage, is less than the value created during their time at work, enabling the capitalists to yield a surplus value or profit on their investments.* Historical Property Relations Historical capitalism represents a process of momentous social upheaval where rural masses were separated from the land and ownership of the means of production by force, deprivation, and effectual manipulation, creating an urban proletariat based on the institution of wage-labour. Moreover, capitalist property relations aggravated the schmalzy separation between city and country, which is a key factor in accounting for the metabolic shift between human beings in capitalism and their natural environment, which is at the root of our current ecological dilemmas.* goodness Fetishism Marx adapted previous value-theory to show that in capitalism phenomena involved with the price system (markets, competition, supply and demand) constitute a powerful ideology that obscures the underlying social relations of capitalist society. Commodity fetishism refers to this distortion of appearance. The underlying social reality is one of economic exploitation.* Economic Exploitation Workers are the fundamental creative source of new value. Property relations affording the right of usufruct and despotic control of the workplace to capitalists are the devices by which the surplus value created by workers is appropriated by the capitalists. * Accumulation Inherent to capitalism is the incessant drive to accumulate as a response to the competitive forces acting upon all capitalists. In such a context the accumulated wealth which is the source of the capitalists social power derives i tself from being able to repeat the enlistment of MoneyCommodityMoney, where the capitalist receives an increment or surplus value higher than their initial investment, as rapidly and expeditiously as possible. Moreover this driving imperative leads capitalism to its expansion on a worldwide scale.* Crises Marx determine natural and historically specific (i.e. structural) barriers to accumulation that were interrelated and interpenetrated one another in times of crises. disparate types of crises, such as realization crises and overproduction crises, are expressions of capitalisms inability to constructively overcome such barriers. Moreover, the outlet of crises is increased centralization, the expropriation of the many capitalists by the few.* Centralization The interacting forces of competition, endemic crises, intensive and extensive expansion of the scale of production, and a growing interdependency with the state apparatus, all promote a strong developmental tendency toward s the centralization of capital.* Material Development As a result of its constant drive to optimize profitability by increasing the productivity of labour, typically by revolutionizing technology and production techniques, capitalism develops so as to progressively reduce the objective need for work, suggesting the potential for a new era of creative forms of work and spread out scope for leisure.* Socialization, and the pre-conditions for Revolution By socializing the labour process, concentrating workers into urban settings in large-scale production processes and linking them in a worldwide market, the agents of a potential revolutionary change are created. Thus Marx felt that in the course of its development capitalism was at the identical time developing the preconditions for its own negation. However, although the objective conditions for change are generated by the capitalist system itself, the subjective conditions for social revolution can only come about through the app rehension of the objective circumstances by the agents themselves and the transformation of such understanding into an effective revolutionary programAnarchist economicsAnarchist economics is the set of theories and practices of economics and economic activity within the political philosophy of anarchism. Pierre Joseph Proudhon was involved with the Lyons mutualists and later adopted the name to describe his own teachings. Mutualism is an anarchist school of thought that originates in the writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, who envisioned a society where each person might possess a means of production, either individually or collectively, with trade representing analogous amounts of labor in the free market. Integral to the scheme was the establishment of a mutual-credit bank that would lend to producers at a minimal interest rate, just high enough to cover administration. Mutualism is based on a labor theory of value that holds that when labor or its product is sold, in exchange, it ought to receive goods or services embodying the amount of labor necessary to produce an article of exactly similar and equal utility.Receiving anything less would be considered exploitation, theft of labor, or usury. Collectivist anarchism (also known as anarcho-collectivism) is a revolutionary doctrine that advocates the abolition of the state and private ownership of the means of production. Instead, it envisions the means of production being owned collectively and controlled and managed by the producers themselves. Once collectivization takes place, workers salaries would be determined in democratic organizations based on the amount of time they contributed to production. These salaries would be used to purchase goods in a communal market. Collectivist anarchism is most commonly associated with Mikhail Bakunin, the anti-authoritarian sections of the foremost International, and the early Spanish anarchist movement.The Conquest of Bread by Peter Kropotkin, influential work whi ch presents the economic vision ofanarcho-communismAnarchist communism is a theory of anarchism which advocates the abolition of the state, private property, and capitalism in favor of common ownership of the means of production, direct democracy and a horizontal network of voluntary associations and workers councils with production and consumption based on the guiding principle from each according to ability, to each according to need. opposed mutualism, collectivist anarchism and marxism, anarcho-communism as defended by Peter Kropotkin and Errico Malatesta rejected the labor theory of value altogether, instead advocating a gift economy and to base distribution on need.Anarchist communism as a coherent, modern economic-political philosophy was first formulated in the Italian section of the First International by Carlo Cafiero, Emilio Covelli, Errico Malatesta, Andrea costa and other ex-Mazzinian Republicans. Out of respect for Mikhail Bakunin, they did not make their difference s with collectivist anarchism explicit until after Bakunins death. By the early 1880s, most of the European anarchist movement had adopted an anarchist communist position, advocating the abolition of wage labour and distribution according to need. Ironically, the collectivist label then became more commonly associated with Marxist state socialists who advocated the memory board of some sort of wage system during the transition to full communism.After MarxMarxs work sharpened the existing differences between the revolutionary and non-revolutionary socialists. Non-revolutionary socialists took inspiration from the work of John Stuart Mill, and later Keynes and the Keynesians, who provided theoretical justification for (potentially very extensive) state involvement in an existing market economy. According to the Keynesians, if the business cycle could be solved by national ownership of key industries and state direction of their investment, class antagonism would be effectively tamed a compact would be formed between labour and the capitalists. There would be no need for revolution instead Keynes looked to the eventual euthanasia of the rentier sometime in the far future. Joan Robinson and Michael Kalecki employed Keynesian insights to form the basis of a critical post-Keynesian economics that at times went well beyond liberal reformism.many original socialist economic ideas would also emerge out of the trade union movement In the wake of Marx, Marxist economists developed many different, sometimes contradictory tendencies. Some of these tendencies were based on internal disputes about the meaning of some of Marxs ideas, including the Law of Value and his crisis theory. Other variations were elaborations that subsequent theorists made in light of real world developments. For example the monopoly capitalist school saw Paul A. Baran and Paul Sweezy attempt to transform Marxs theory of capitalist development, which was based upon the assumption of price competitio n, to reflect the evolution to a stage where some(prenominal) economy and state were subject to the dominating influence of giant corporations. World-systems analysis, would restate Marxs ideas about the worldwide instalment of labour and the drive to accumulate from the holistic perspective of capitalisms historical development as a ball-shaped system.Accordingly, Immanuel Wallerstein, writing in 1979, maintained that There are today no socialist systems in the world-economy any more than there are feudal systems because there is only one world-system. It is a world-economy and it is by definition capitalist in form. Socialism involves the creation of a new kind of world-system, neither a redistributive world-empire nor a capitalist world-economy but a socialist world-government. I dont see this projection as being in the least utopian but I also dont feel its institution is imminent. It will be the end of a long social struggle in forms that may be familiar and perhaps in very few forms, that will take place in all the areas of the world-economy.Meanwhile other noteworthy strands of reformist and revolutionary socialist economics sprung up that were either only loosely associated with Marxism or all told independent. Thorsten Veblen is widely credited as the founder of critical institutionalism. His idiosyncratic theorizing included acidic critiques of the inefficiency of capitalism, monopolies, advertising, and the utility of obvious consumption. Some institutionalists have addressed the incentive problems experienced by the Soviet Union. Critical institutionalists have worked on the specification of incentive-compatible institutions, usually based on forms of participatory democracy, as a resolution superior to allocation by an autonomous market mechanism.Another key socialist, closely related to Marx, Keynes, and Gramsci, was Piero Sraffa. He mined classical political economy, particularly Ricardo, in an attempt to erect a value theory that was at the same time an explanation of the normal distribution of prices in an economy, as well that of income and economic growth. A key finding was that the net product or surplus in the sphere of production was determined by the balance of bargaining power between workers and capitalists, which was in turn subject to the influence of non-economic, presumably social and political factors.