Historiography/Primary Sources Project

Every empire tells itself and the world that it is unlike wholly early(a) empires and that its mission is not to plunder and control but to initiate and unblock is a quote by Edward W. Said. During the 19th century, Western nations started magnification into territorial imperialism to collect resources from colonies to benefit economically, politically, and socially. Jules Ferry, a former french prime minister, created a colonial insurance to colonize territories for Frances benefits and to civilize the people in those territories. His biased look outs may affect the historical impact and people should not believe everything they hear.One should analyze a document and take past acquaintance on the resign into consideration before making any decisions. The french Colonial Expansion is a modernized text of the Speech in the beginning the french Chamber of Deputies by the former French prime minister, Jules Francois Camille Ferry, on March 28, 1884. Jules Ferry made this spe ech to show his hold back for imperialism and that it was the save track, at the time, for a nation to be powerful. He believed that the colonial expansion indemnity consisted of economic ideas, the most far-reaching ideas of civilization, and ideas of a political and patriotic tell (Watts, Int. ).He backed his argument up with some statistics of how other nations, like Ger galore(postnominal) or the United States of America, have outlets, or colonies to export goods to, and this helped expand their securities industry. Colonial policy will allow for France to compete against other powerful nations and help work up problems like the freedom of trade and supply and demand (Arkenberg, Int. ). Not still did Ferry want to maintain Frances power, he also believed that Europeans were the premium race because they were civilized. A social issue he wanted to dominate was to civilize the inferior races because it was the higher races duty to do so (Arkenberg, Int. . In addition, Fe rry made a good point that France needs colonies to support its navy with harbors, defenses, and supplies that can only be obtained overseas. Ferry was for imperialism because it had many benefits to the nation. However, many socialists and conservative critics were against his policy for contrary reasons (Jules, Int. ). He was addressing his speech to those that opposed imperialism and the French Chamber of Deputies. His motivation was to spread the ideas of imperialism and point out the benefits of it to the people of France. Obviously, he has a crew of pride in his country because he believes that they atomic number 18 the victor race, so he wants to spread the feel of nationalism by gaining power to France (Watts, Int. ). The power of a nation is gained by the amount of shore it has. The colonial policy led France to annex Tunis, Madagascar, Indo-China, and explore the Congo and the Niger neck of the woods (Jules, Int. ). Based on all of the exploration d star by France, o ne can conclude that France is a powerful nation and its colonial policy went into effect. They were great competitors with other Europeans and the United States because they took over many rich African and Asian countries.With all of their new territories, they would have a better market because they would have raw materials sent to them from those countries, and they would sell them back (Arkenberg, Int. ). In addition, the French have a lot of pride in themselves because they believe that they argon the superior race, so they would try to civilize the people in many of their territories. Therefore, the local culture of those countries probably went down and there was a lot of hatred towards the French for the change of their way of living, style, and religion.Because Jules Ferry believed that the Europeans were a superior race, this proves that he was biased because he only looked at the European sketch of imperialism. He only sees that the colonial policy will benefit and work Frances economic, social, and political problems. However, he doesnt look at the view of the African and Asian countries being claimed. To them, imperialism is a horrible thing because their way of life is being taken away and replaced by a different life style.Also, imperialism would stop their learning curve and affect their nations development. New problems would arise as well. For example, after the division of African stain amongst each European nation, African tribes were moved and this created more fights betwixt them. Ferry also leaves out the conflicts between the European nations and the U. S. Imperialism is not continuously beneficial to a nation because there would always be arguments between two or more nations over land, and war would erupt if the issue is non-negotiable.Edward W. Saids quote, every empire tells itself and the world that it is unlike all other empires and that its mission is not to plunder and control but to educate and liberate shows that Jules F erry is biased because he is only presenting the benefits to France and not the problems that it could do to the colonized territories or to Western nations all together. One should never entirely believe everything they hear and analysis is needed to see both sides of a story.

Strictly Ballroom Belonging

Belonging or not belong is the feeling of being included or excluded by a certain group, person, place or community. This is conveyed very well in the film strictly dance hall produced by Baz Luhrmen and the picture book The Sneetches by Dr suess. In stictly ballroom, this concept is primarily conveyed by Scott Hastings struggle with the bounce community to find where he truly belongs. In The Sneetches is refers to the group belong of the two seperate types of sneetches and their journey to belong as a community and individually.In Strictly Ballroom the beginning scenes of the film Baz established the conventional, elegant automatic teller of the ballroom terpsichore world. Using a combination of techniques such as graceful music, the traditional blue Danube, the silhouette and highly illuminated rotating shafts of the dancers waltzing, ski binding in exaggerated and ostentatious costumes, hair and make-up along with high-risk cheesy smile and facial expressions as they dance gracefully round the floor.However, the sense of community and belonging is soon fractured as it switches to a shot of Shirley screaming Come on team 100. Scott and Liz become occlude in by other dance couple and Scott chooses to dance his make steps to escape, deviating from the usual steps that the decide be programmed to. The reaction of the judges and audience shows that Scotts actions were not excepted by the federation. Barry fife leans over to Lez and mutters what the hell is going on here? representing the shock of the judges.The restrictive and competitive spirit of the strictly ballroom world is further shown by Barry Fife, the president of the dance federation who is conveyed as an ugly, evil man ruling the dance community. His irrational and controlling nature is emphasised in the scene of the first competition here we look there is no true loyalty or belonging because when lot and Pam cheat and block out Scott and Liz in the corner they are rewarded and are sti ll given first place. Clearly conveying that the individual or group who wishes to belong to this specific world must be nimble to follow orders and conform to their rules.To find a true sense of belonging within a set world, one must have the fortitude to stay true to themselves. The protagonists in this film Scott and Fran gradually challenge and specify the order of this community. Scott the up and coming star of the ballroom world becomes forestall with only dancing the old traditional steps and wants permission to claim his own kind of steps.In the illustrated story The Sneetches illustrated and written by Dr. Suess he demonstrates individuals within a group desperately seeking approval of another group they are made to believe are more elite.not belonging may not be a permanent state. Doug, Scotts pose is portrayed as a very quiet charter who seldom speaks. He is often seen in the dance studio improvising his movements, which is similar to what Scott did forward on in t he film. However he is often captured through a high angle shot and very limited lighting qualification it appear as though the audience is secretly overlooking his dancing which no one is meant to see. This image suggests that he too wants to express his passion through dance, that he can only do it in the dark alone as if he is too afraid of confronting those who fence it. The darkness around Doug lets him express himself as an individual and shed his previous(prenominal) conformed life. This is clearly conveying the main idea, that it is very important to belong but only if an individual can first belong to oneself.

Blue Remembered Hills Essay

When I first read the script of Blue Remembered Hills I thought it was quite naturalistic and it was well written from a kidskins perspective. The characters were all very believable and it seemed like a manoeuvre play to perform. I thought it would be easy to do beca drill the characters ar all children and I can still remember how I was at that ripen.In the murder I played the part of rooster, a teenaged boy of about seven or eight years. He is the boss around of the ag pigeonholing and he tends to use his strength to get his own g everywherenment agency over the former(a)s. He is not very intelligent and some of the characters use this to their advantage to get out of situations e.g. in scene two when Peter tries to steal Willies apple but Willie convinces him one endorsemente would cleanup him.To get into our roles of young children, we did various exercises like childhood games and hotseating. I appoint hotseating particularly helpful because afterwards all of the class give their opinions and shaping criticism so I could improve my character. Playing childhood games helps to limit you into the mind of an eight year old.After a few weeks we looked at the subtext of the play. This means you go through the script and look for the true nub of the words that are spoken. For example if somebody says something sarcastically, you know to say it in a certain tone. Doing this helped with the language and how to speak the words in try using the correct tone so that the true meaning is granted crosswise to the audience. I found the best way to improve voice, driving and gesture was to keep rehearsing it and talk to each other about how it looks and what could be improved.All of the characters wore similar clothing, as theyre all children of the same age living at the same time. For Peter I chose a play off of dirty, grey shorts and a plain dirty white raiment as this was typical for the time. He did not have any shore up specific to his charact er.I think that together as a group we worked very well. I found that constructive criticism and feedback from the other community in my group helped me greatly because it tells you what you look like to others and how the character comes across to the audience. We didnt experience many major problems throughout the project and other problems were easy to solve.Last minute relations were just to polish off the scripts and consider sure that all the scenes ran smoothly together. In the run-up to the final performance we would just act out each scene over an over and confirm that we had the play how we wanted it.I was quite pleased with the final performance but despite weeks of learning the lines, I still managed to sop up a few slip-ups, which I and the other character made up for by improvising.I thought that each person in the group fitted very well into their characters and worked very well together. We all added a bit of our own personality, which made the characters more b elievable. If I did the play again I might have made it more physical and at a faster pace.I didnt see any other groups performances so I cant compare ours to anyone elses. Over the past few weeks I have learned new techniques of character development and I feel my ability to work in a group has improved. I think I need sometimes to put in a bit more effort in the lessons and do every rehearsal as if it were the real thing as I lacked motivation in some lessons.It has prepared me a bit for the written exam because I have been analysing the performance, which is exactly what I have to do for the exam.

Functional Areas of Business

Depending on the surface of agreement, soundal aras may be directed by specific departments with pep pill caution, mid-level and move line exercisers. In comparison, a slim patronage is oft managed by one leader only, whos responsibilities oerlap. Management The worry consumption includes much than patently being in charge of employees. Instead, this position coordinates and copes the work of new(prenominal)s, get words brass section addresss ar accomplished, and ensures the communication channel mastery.Further more, managers monitor the efficiency and outletive use of employees because workers be the close important resource f an organization (Stephen & Robbins, 2010). Managers also make out and confine functions that ar not obvious, but play a decisive manipulation in the ships companys achievement. Law is the legal look of championship that effect business and small trues. Managers use business law to ensure operations atomic number 18 legall y sound, noncompliance with all state, federal and international prerequisites, and regulations to booster form problems.Human resources or short HER address concepts of personal development throughout employees lifestyle. During the hiring and reading process human resources have a noble importance. For proper(a) payment and if disciplinary actions are taken (Stephen & Robbins, 2010). A oversized role for managers plays the aspect of leadinghip which covers different ways to process employees to achieve organization goal, revivify and motivate, handle conflicts, as well as power attempt and organisational change.Accounting maintains and audits financial aspects of a business that is separated into financial and managerial accountancy. financial accounting studies the substructure of financial statement, for example, income statements and balance sheets. Managerial accounting looks at statements and jocks put one across decisions, including budgeting for upcoming proj ects and tick cost within the unassailable (Stephen & Robbins, 2010). pay addresses the process of setting up and maintaining the fiscal success of the firm including revenue. finance is useful for managers in many ways, especially when needing fund for newly business venture.The study of merchandiseion, distribution and consumption of goods and services within countries and individualist firms are a part of economics. It is apply to maximize profits and to Andre commercialize conditions, for example, recessions (Stephen & Robbins, 2010). leadership collect data and use methods as well as inactive to interpret them to find out important information virtually their business as part of research and statistics. This fiction will help make decisions on what business practices to continue to use and which ones to modify in the future. operations management is devoted to increasing the value of the firms supply chain.This function is utilise to ensure that the process f gettin g goods and service is silent and error free (Stephen & Robbins, 2010). Marketing interests the end consumer in a product or service and to keep this client happy. Such technique is used to steady down which product or service to offer, the type of advertising and creation of a good image of their brand. Strategic planning is applied to ensure originations goals are met. Marketing helps bring all aspects of the firm together and ensures the companys success (Stephen & Robbins, 2010).The diary of Enterprising Communities People and Places in the Global Economy addresses wherefore small business, with between five to went employees, Often fail to grow. Most times, the bar straight off relates to the little or no knowledge of growth requirement and organizations barriers. A SOOT analysis, which included strength, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, allows leaders to develop a company goal as well as an action plan on how to exit it. According to Perks, Small businesses that grow during their flirts four years of makeup more than double their chance of survival (Perks, p. 21, 2010). Omnipotent view of management states that managers are directly responsible for the organizations success as well as ruin. Actions and decisions of leaders are directly related to an organizations success. Well performing leaders countersink and maximize chances, improve bad exertions, as well as manage the company. Therefore, managers are compensated for the business success with stock options, incentives, ores. On the other side, velocity management is believed to be responsible when profits are take in and and so fired or replaced by new managers (Stephen & Robbins, 2010).Symbolic view of management describes the failure and success of companies impacted by outside(a) influences that are outdoors of leaders magnate to control. This view is arguing that managers have little control over external factors for example customers, economy, competitors, decisions of p revious leaders and others. Managers have only symbolized influence and control by creating action plans, and limited influence of failure and success agree to this view. Conclusion Whether in a small or large company, managers oversee a wide range of functions to ensure the success and high performance of all areas.Functional Areas of BusinessDepending on the size of organization, working(a) areas may be directed by specific departments with upper management, mid-level and front line managers. In comparison, a small business is often managed by one leader only, whos responsibilities overlap. Management The management role includes more than simply being in charge of employees. Instead, this position coordinates and oversees the work of others, ensures organization goals are accomplished, and ensures the business success.Furthermore, managers monitor the efficiency and effective use of employees because workers are the most important resource f an organization (Stephen & Robbins, 2010). Managers also oversee and control functions that are not obvious, but play a crucial role in the companys success. Law is the legal aspect of business that effect business and small firms. Managers use business law to ensure operations are legally sound, noncompliance with all state, federal and international requirements, and regulations to help solve problems.Human resources or short HER address concepts of personal development throughout employees lifestyle. During the hiring and training process human resources have a high importance. For proper compensation and if disciplinary actions are taken (Stephen & Robbins, 2010). A large role for managers plays the aspect of leadership which covers different ways to influence employees to achieve organization goal, inspire and motivate, handle conflicts, as well as power struggle and organizational change.Accounting maintains and audits financial aspects of a business that is separated into financial and managerial accounting. Fi nancial accounting studies the creation of financial statement, for example, income statements and balance sheets. Managerial accounting looks at statements and helps make decisions, including budgeting for upcoming projects and control cost within the firm (Stephen & Robbins, 2010). Finance addresses the process of setting up and maintaining the fiscal success of the firm including revenue. Finance is useful for managers in many ways, especially when needing fund for new business venture.The study of production, distribution and consumption of goods and services within countries and individual firms are a part of economics. It is used to maximize profits and to Andre market conditions, for example, recessions (Stephen & Robbins, 2010). Leaders collect data and use methods as well as static to interpret them to find out important information about their business as part of research and statistics. This fiction will help make decisions on what business practices to continue to use an d which ones to modify in the future. Operations management is devoted to increasing the value of the firms supply chain.This function is used to ensure that the process f getting goods and service is smooth and error free (Stephen & Robbins, 2010). Marketing interests the end consumer in a product or service and to keep this client happy. Such technique is used to determine which product or service to offer, the type of advertising and creation of a good image of their brand. Strategic planning is applied to ensure originations goals are met. Marketing helps bring all aspects of the firm together and ensures the companys success (Stephen & Robbins, 2010).The Journal of Enterprising Communities People and Places in the Global Economy addresses why small business, with between five to went employees, Often fail to grow. Most times, the difficulty directly relates to the little or no knowledge of growth requirement and organizations barriers. A SOOT analysis, which included strength, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, allows leaders to develop a company goal as well as an action plan on how to reach it. According to Perks, Small businesses that grow during their flirts four years of establishment more than double their chance of survival (Perks, p. 21, 2010). Omnipotent view of management states that managers are directly responsible for the organizations success as well as failure. Actions and decisions of leaders are directly related to an organizations success. Well performing leaders adjust and maximize chances, improve bad performances, as well as manage the company. Therefore, managers are compensated for the business success with stock options, incentives, ores. On the other side, upper management is believed to be responsible when profits are down and then fired or replaced by new managers (Stephen & Robbins, 2010).Symbolic view of management describes the failure and success of companies impacted by external influences that are outside of leaders a bility to control. This view is arguing that managers have little control over external factors for example customers, economy, competitors, decisions of previous leaders and others. Managers have only symbolized influence and control by creating action plans, and limited influence of failure and success according to this view. Conclusion Whether in a small or large company, managers oversee a wide range of functions to ensure the success and high performance of all areas.

Integrative Essay on diversity in Education Essay

America is increasely becoming a very divers(a) nation heathenishly and ethnically. In all the States, there is an increasing influx of non- native Americans and estimates from the U. S Census Bureau contain projected that by year 2100, the non- native Americans who at the moment atomic number 18 the minority, will snuff it the majority and the non- Hispanic whites will constitute a mere 40% of the entire population of the U. S (Osborn, 2005). As a result, education debates in recent times are increasingly centering on the douse of diversity, especially in humankind schools.Interestingly, many Americans treat school policies as advantageously as programs that intend to embrace cultural diversity with a good deal suspicion and misunderstanding not really understanding the great greatness of diversity as an educational element in our classrooms (Osborn 2005). The aim of this undertake is thereof to address the issue of cultural diversity in public schools with accent m ark on the kind of cultural identity operator that public schools should promote. heathen Diversity and School failure American public schools are admitting an increasing number of students from divers(prenominal) cultures and languages.However, there are certain mentalities that are associated with these minority groups which not only act as an impediment to their academic progress, solely may also fuel cultural intolerance, a vice which has no place in American democracy. Reports from the National Assessment of preparational surface (NEAP) state that, students who come from measly backgrounds especially the colored students, generally come poorly than those from a higher socio- economic status (Bowman, 1994). How can this residual be accounted for? Is it a colored gene factor that promotes such poor academic performance?Definitely not yet this is not distinctly understood and the general assumption is that colored students simply cannot perform well in academics. The reas on of course lies in the differences between cultural experiences of contrasting groups which encourage diverse attitudes and life skills. Thus without schools acknowledging these differences, they actually limit their susceptibility in educating these children (Bowman, 1994). During a childs development, there are differences in cultural expressions which are normal and should be considered as a foot for building skills and knowledge.However, most American schools ignore these differences and all children are judged on the behavioral characteristics of children belonging to the white middle class which is considered the only legitimate expression of competence. Hence children from minority groups are judged as inadequate. This is largely ascribable to their inability to conform to these foreign standards (Bowman, 1994). The educational programs of American public schools are poorly designed and do not cater to cultural differences.Teachers are also bound by their own personal experiences and are therefore unable to appreciate the cultural differences and may judge children who be squander other than in a harsh manner. Devaluing minority culture is a hasten for inter- racial conflict among students and also presents students from minority families with a tough selection between identifying with their families belief systems and participating in school culture. Most students select for the latter (Bowman, 1994). Promoting Cultural Diversity-Existentialists View existential philosophy is a philosophical system which lays emphasis on the unique individual experiences, in the face of a mankind which is hostile. These experiences are considered in isolation as opposed to a group. The existentialist philosophy philosophy upholds the collect for individual freedom of choice as and state for ones actions (Jaspers, 1952). existentialism was the basis of several liberation movements in history. Such include the black civil rights movement and womens rights movements (Lim, 1999). even up today, its demand for individual freedom and tolerance can be use to the application of cultural diversity in public schools.As the philosophy of existentialism states, the individual who is self reliant should be able to have an authentic existence which is in opposition with the given mores such as the mass culture of the contemporary world (Rupp, 2001). Promoting ethnic and cultural identity within a multicultural setting is thus one carriage of achieving this. It is substantial for all students to be able to learn about the different cultures even as they uphold their own to establish tolerance as well as understanding between races. ConclusionThere is need to change the school curricula so that it can accommodate the diverse cultural of necessity. This will make it both relevant to the needs of students from diverse backgrounds and elegant to the issues of social justice. A bicultural curriculum presents the diverse cultures as every bit impor tant and powerful. Such programs which have been implemented in some schools have shown that where children are not made to renounce their culture, their academic performance improves dramatically (Bowman, 1994). Existentialism calls for authenticity of the self in the face of indifference (Rupp, 2001).The schools thus have a responsibility towards achieving this. One way is to bring in teachers of diverse backgrounds in their schools teachers who will be better placed to understand the needs of the students based on their different cultural experiences. To sum it up, the type of cultural identity that should be promoted in schools is one that upholds the different cultures as equally worthy. It should also be based on understanding and mutual note of others. REFERENCES Osborn, T. A. (2005). Language and cultural Diversity in U. S Schools.Connecticut Praeger Publishers Bowman, B (1994) Cultural diversity and Academic achievement NCRELS Urban Education Program, Urban Education Monog raph series. Retrieved January 21, 2009. Rupp, G. (2001). Religion, Modern secular culture and Ecology Daedalus, 130, 23 Lim, W. S (1999). Development and culture in Singapore and beyond reside Journal of social issues in South East Asia 14, 249. Jaspers, K (1952). Existentialism and Humanism Three Essays. New York Russell F. Moore

Desiderius Erasmus Essay

Erasmus Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (27 October 1466 12 July 1 536), known as Erasmus of Rotterdam, or but Erasmus, was a Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, social critic, teacher, and theologian. He was to the highest degree widely known for his critical and satirical writings. He attempted to remedy the church service and because of that, was prosecuted by many people. I am going to roll for and against his deeds and make my own Judgement. Most of the opinions differ. Erasmus became humanist because of his training and morality.He was an intelligent and strong- minded person. He travelled a lot, so that he became a European scholar with huge knowledge of classical literature. Erasmus believed that education could change the dry land and I strongly agree with him. In his d eithery Adages (1500) he aimed to make classical learning opened to a domain and more than 800 sayings in Latin and Greek were explained, which fashion that he truly well-tried to achieve the goal of reflecting every aspect of the Christian humanism.Later, he created New volition in Greek (1 516), which was the first ork available in Greek, non in Latin, with lots of notes and explanations, in cosequence of, all public got a great opportunity to access this testament and become more educated. He lived as a devout Christian, but was concerned with the corruption that had broadcast through the religious positions of the Church. However, Erasmus believed that religious revolt led directly to tumult t herefore he likewisek the side of neither the Pope, nor the regenerate radical, Martin Luther.In all his criticism of clerical follies and abuses, he had always carefully hedged himself approximately with protests, that he was not attacking church institutions themselves and had no enmity toward the persons of churchmen. The world had laughed at his satire, but only a few obstinate eactionaries had naughtily interfered with his activities. He had a right to believe that his work so remote had commended itself to the best minds and also to the dominant powers in the religious world. His criticism of the Church was therefore heard throughout Europe.He preferred reasoning to bloodshed, distant many others of his time. While he did not criticize the Church as much as Luther had, he did call for an end to the corruption that had seeped to the shopping center of the Church. However, it is thought that Erasmus tried to undermine the Church, destroy its form. Again, in those Praise of incapacity he argued with popes who claimed to be the Christ representatives on earth Practically no class of man lives so comfortably with fewer cases for they believe they do quite enough for Christ if they play their part y means of every kind of ceremonial and display for them it is out of fashion to pertorm miracles, inform the people is too much like nard work and praying is a waste of time. Without formally speaking out against the Pope, Erasmus implies that the Pope ordain on a facade as an all-knowing, all-powerful mortal. He states here that the Pope has no true knowledge as to what God expects from his worshipers. He cannot believe that these lucky scientists find people to believe them.With this last statement, he calls to the people of the Church to not accept everything that is told to them from corrupt potential fgures. He gives an attack on the standarts of the members of the Church. Also, in his second edition of the New Testament in Greek he weakened the Church because he undermined the authority of it by criticising texts on which it relied. Finally, I came to conclusion that Erasmus and other Christiam humanists attempted to reform the Church by calling to the return to the simplicity of the first Christians.They tried to stop the corruption. Erasmus tried to broaden and clear the minds of people. In his Freedom of the impart (1524) he stated that humankind could choose his own density. So, he did not want to undermine the Church completely but make it easier to understand. He changed the education bases. From the Handbook of a Christian soldier (1 503) Charity does not consist in many visits to churches, bowing own in precedent of statues of saints, in the lighting of candels or repeating set prayers.Of these things God has no need. Charity is to love your neighboor. In my personal opinion, Erasmus was a great man. He reasoned while others fought. He was courageous in his criticism of the Church. He was a pacifist and a man of tolerance. He was disdainful of cardinals who were too much involved with making money and concerns of the world. Erasmus has Just fighted for his views of life, not paying(a) attention on his enemies. Bibliography AQA History AShttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmushttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ErasmusEarly_lifehttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Lutherhttps//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmushttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canons_Regular

Leadership and Management Essay

Education is a genuinely important institution due to the role it plays in transmitting brotherly skills and knowledge required of any member of the hostelry (Hofman, Gray & Daly, 2004). It is worth(predicate) noting that the takes of evolution of a countrys cultivation brasss bears close correlation coefficient to the economic and kind conditions that the said country will afford. It is thus upon members of the caller and the commandment formation to curb that members of the familiarity achieve as untold as possible from this corpse.High progression in eduction is far much(prenominal) beneficial than low level tuition in the modern society due to the high level of educational attainment. A doctorate stratum is currently what an undergraduate degree was in the 1990s (Hofman, Gray & Daly, 2004). The level of educational attainment requires an individual to posses at least a know degree to stand out among others. The need to stand above others and attract most a dvantage over them in the competitive air commercialize is the main reason for my pursuance of a doctoral degree.In choosing educational leadership and way of higher institutions in Singapore the key friendship was my vocation. I have personally worked in the educational field in different capa city. Having served as an assistant head of international programs at Crestar institute, homophile resource management with a Christian association, lectured English at Kaplan city campus and organism a full time consultant trainer at NTUC, my life has centred around management and higher institution of learning.Understanding the nature of higher education leadership and management in Singapore is therefore relevant to my cargoner. Relevance of USQ Doctorate studies is about mastery and application of principles and theories examine in class. A doctorate graduate should be able to psychoanalyze and relate issues related to their area of specialisation by giving varied dimension. Doc torate graduates are expected to be above other levels not just in their approach to thinking exclusively they must in like manner display high levels of norms and values expected of the society (Mok, 2006).Mastery of principles that are relevant to the needs of the society, and the development of norms and values that are expected of the society are just but a few of the benefits expected of a USQ professional doctorate it is thus clear that the program not notwithstanding makes better specialists but also better members of the society by combine the values of determination, team spirit and courage into the students. The role played by the education system just like any other affable systems cannot be done by any other system.Propagation of social norms and development of skills that are relevant to the needs of the society are some of the objectives of the education system. Though the education systems is one of the oldest institution, the development of the higher educations sphere in Singapore is a recent event. Singapores education system though quite an organised as compared to its neighbours is faced with a number of challenges (Lee & Fredriksen, 2008). Most challenges in the education system can be traced to the management and leadership of the education system.Despite the education system being a social systems it still falls prey to the effects of aid politic. The involvement of the central government on educational matter cannot be avoided since the education system is under the governments care, however, the education system should be shielded from the negative effects of poor politics. Corruption pretermit of professional knowledge and nepotisms are some of the issue that affect the education systems at the low level.Researching on education management and leadership in higher education sector not only develops my research skills but also ensure awareness on issues that affect management and leadership of higher education sector and is the refore relevant to efficient auction pitch in future. Personal Capabilities Doctorate studies require good academic land and interest in the area of study. Determination defines me level of education attainment and the nature of jobs that I have been involved in give me the take and skills required to undertake a doctorate course.I am substantially versed in the management of the education system and problems faced by low level personnel like tutors and professors. My position places me in a situation where I can look at the issues from both the management and implementation level which is a capability that few have. My academic capacity is beyond question for I am a holder of a masters degree in education. I therefore possess the skills and skill required of doctorate degree and there is no cause for perplex on my abilities. Literature Re gather inThe education system thought tiny to the development of the society is no stranger to controversy. Implementation of the educati on system goals has especially been under fire with some coming up with the view that the education system, just like any other social system is responsible for social reproduction (Kassem, Mufti & Robinson, 2006). The education systems is seen by such critics as a tool used by those in power to ensure they maintain their position while disregarding the needs of the less empowered. It is quite true that commercialisation of education has led to increase in levels of educational attainment.Increase in levels of educational attainment is characterised by increase in the cost of acquiring higher education. The costs of education at a level that is relevant to the development of technical skills required by the job market is high and borders exploitation (Kassem, Mufti & Robinson, 2006). Projection shows that the cost of education is belike to go up with increase in demand for education. This is blamed on commercialisation of education which has made it business like and therefore pro be to the market forces of supply and demand the only differences being that the demand is unendingly on a high.On the other hand, the commercialisation of education and strategies real by the government and other stakeholders who are blamed for the problems facing education by social reproduction theorists is cited as the first step towards the development of the high education sector (Mok, 2006). Take China as an example, the reforms which include allowing privatisation of the higher education sector and formulation and implementation of cost share-out mechanism are cited as the key driving factors to the levels of development achieved (Mok, 2006).

Brave New World.

The Ideal Wowork force courageous pertly orb is a fantasy of the emerging that sheds a blazing detailed light on the present. Huxley says Community, Identity, Stability is the dictum of this utopian World State, the motto of this utopia is the opposite of how this cosmos re every(prenominal)y exists. Huxleys description of the fresh foundation is a dystopia. Lenina is a futuristic warning of the modern women. She is maven of the idolise women of this dystopia. The share of women in this nine is wins sleeping around and drug use.Linda on the opposite hand, had a very divers(prenominal) put by tbiddy Lenina as women of this saucily World. Huxley embodies the trials and tribulations that these women deal with. In Brave upstart World, Aldous Huxley uses the characters Lenina and Linda to show the role of women in this society. From the novel Brave sensitive World Lenina is the ideal woman in this society. She conforms to the standards that are set for the women in the refreshed world. As Lenina duologue to Bernarsd, she says, And how lowlife you talk like that some non wanting to be a part of the social body? later only, everyone works for everybody else (Huxley 91). This manner that Lenina accepts the idea. In addition to that, Lenina does not believe in monogamy she is very promiscuous, as every early(a) woman is in the society promiscuity is an authentic belief in this society. When Fanny talks to Lenina about seeing the comparable man for too long, she starts to lecture her about how wrong it really is And you spot how strongly the D. H. C objects to anything intense or long drawn.Four months of Henry value without having another manwhy hed be boisterous if he knew (Huxley 41). Lenina accepts the idea of promiscuity, which makes her the ideal women of the society she follows by their standards. Not only does the society use promiscuity to ascendence the population, precisely too promote the use of contour. One of the st ates mottos is a universal gravitational constant in time saves nine. This means that they promote the use of a dangerous drug called material body (Huxley 89).Leninas brain is conformed to the idea that condition is the means of living. Soma is a drug that replaces reality with happy hallucinations. Aldous Huxley shows how Lenina is a typical character, an ideal role model of the sunrise(prenominal) World she conforms to all the ideas and rules of this society. On the other hand, Linda has a antithetical experience than Lenina. Linda was once a instalment of the New World, but during a visit to the reservation she prepare her head and when she could not be found, she was left there.Lindas stay on the reservation was divergent from the New World So they are having children all the time-like dogs. Its revolting (Huxley 122). This means that, unlike the new world, the natives believed in families and having children the handed-down way, other than the new world which uses th e Bokanovsky process. Natives also did not believe in promiscuitythey thought of promiscuity as revolting. As Linda states, Well, here the other people went on, nobodys recollectd to belong to more than than one person. (Huxley 121).This is important because this report depicts the women of the reservation are traditional, meaning dormancy around with other men is not acceptable. When Linda was caught sleeping with other men, the women were provoked and cruel to Linda. Linda also was not able to take soma. Linda says, I suppose John told you. What I had to resistand not a gramme of soma to be had (Huxley 120). This means that the reservation did not use soma it was not a desirable drug. charge though Linda was once a member of the New World, she was a maddened her experience was contrasting than Leninas.By using Lenina and Linda Aldous Huxley shows cardinal different stories and experiences from two different women brought up in the alike(p) world. Leninas life in the new w orld has an altered appearance than Linda who lives in the reservation. Bernard describes Linda as so fat. And all the lines in her face, the flabbiness, the wrinkles (Huxley 119). This is important because it describes Lindas different appearance now that she lives on the reservation, when she lived in the New World Linda had more youthful appearance, like Lenina.Linda also missed the use of Soma hen Linda returns back to the New World, She took as much as twenty grammes a day Linda is again mutualist on soma. yet though Linda through unfortunate events became a savage, she has the same beliefs that Lenina also has. In conclusion, Lenina and Linda are both(prenominal) an ideal woman of the New World, both women depict the typical woman. Even though they went through different experiences their moral, standards, and values are the same. Works Cited Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. New York HarperCollins , 1989. Print.Brave New World.The Ideal Women Brave New World is a fantasy of the future that sheds a blazing critical light on the present. Huxley says Community, Identity, Stability is the motto of this utopian World State, the motto of this utopia is the opposite of how this world really exists. Huxleys description of the new world is a dystopia. Lenina is a futuristic model of the modern women. She is one of the idolized women of this dystopia. The role of women in this society is promotes promiscuity and drug use.Linda on the other hand, had a very different experience then Lenina as women of this New World. Huxley embodies the trials and tribulations that these women deal with. In Brave New World, Aldous Huxley uses the characters Lenina and Linda to show the role of women in this society. From the novel Brave New World Lenina is the ideal woman in this society. She conforms to the standards that are set for the women in the new world. As Lenina talks to Bernarsd, she says, And how can you talk like that about not wanting to be a part of the social bod y?After all, everyone works for everybody else (Huxley 91). This means that Lenina accepts the idea. In addition to that, Lenina does not believe in monogamy she is very promiscuous, as every other woman is in the society promiscuity is an accepted belief in this society. When Fanny talks to Lenina about seeing the same man for too long, she starts to lecture her about how wrong it really is And you know how strongly the D. H. C objects to anything intense or long drawn.Four months of Henry Foster without having another manwhy hed be furious if he knew (Huxley 41). Lenina accepts the idea of promiscuity, which makes her the ideal women of the society she follows by their standards. Not only does the society use promiscuity to control the population, but also promote the use of soma. One of the states mottos is a gramme in time saves nine. This means that they promote the use of a dangerous drug called soma (Huxley 89).Leninas brain is conformed to the idea that soma is the means of living. Soma is a drug that replaces reality with happy hallucinations. Aldous Huxley shows how Lenina is a typical character, an ideal role model of the New World she conforms to all the ideas and rules of this society. On the other hand, Linda has a different experience than Lenina. Linda was once a member of the New World, but during a visit to the reservation she hit her head and when she could not be found, she was left there.Lindas stay on the reservation was different from the New World So they are having children all the time-like dogs. Its revolting (Huxley 122). This means that, unlike the new world, the natives believed in families and having children the traditional way, other than the new world which uses the Bokanovsky process. Natives also did not believe in promiscuitythey thought of promiscuity as revolting. As Linda states, Well, here the other people went on, nobodys supposed to belong to more than one person. (Huxley 121).This is important because this statement depicts the women of the reservation are traditional, meaning sleeping around with other men is not acceptable. When Linda was caught sleeping with other men, the women were angry and cruel to Linda. Linda also was not able to take soma. Linda says, I suppose John told you. What I had to sufferand not a gramme of soma to be had (Huxley 120). This means that the reservation did not use soma it was not a desirable drug. Even though Linda was once a member of the New World, she was a savage her experience was contrasting than Leninas.By using Lenina and Linda Aldous Huxley shows two different stories and experiences from two different women brought up in the same world. Leninas life in the new world has an altered appearance than Linda who lives in the reservation. Bernard describes Linda as so fat. And all the lines in her face, the flabbiness, the wrinkles (Huxley 119). This is important because it describes Lindas different appearance now that she lives on the reservation, when she lived in the New World Linda had more youthful appearance, like Lenina.Linda also missed the use of Soma hen Linda returns back to the New World, She took as much as twenty grammes a day Linda is again dependent on soma. Even though Linda through unfortunate events became a savage, she has the same beliefs that Lenina also has. In conclusion, Lenina and Linda are both an ideal woman of the New World, both women depict the typical woman. Even though they went through different experiences their moral, standards, and values are the same. Works Cited Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. New York HarperCollins , 1989. Print.

John Locke Essay

John Lockes Second Treatise of Government has been, and continues to be, a stern in Western political philosophy. The theory of government he presents in this particular document that government is establish on the sovereignty of the population has been overwhelmingly important since its publication in 1690.Before going further, however, it is essential to understand the events from which the Second Treatise stems. As stated, this document was published in 1690, and it was make so anonymously. Two years prior to the publication, the highly unpopular baron James II of England had been deposed with no bloodshed whatsoever and replaced by might William III and his wife, Queen Mary, who was a daughter of the deposed king. This event was known to tale as the Glorious Revolution.Yet, when it occurred, Locke was not residing in England. However, he did have ties to the troupe that oversaw the Glorious Revolution the Whigs. As a result of this relationship, Locke sought to free the ascension of King William. Though the Second Treatise was written to justify the guard that occurred to King Charles II, it was published to justify the Glorious Revolution.Lockes Second Treatise begins with the predate that society is made up of free and equal individuals, all of whom argon endowed with natural rightlys. He goes on to state that these same individuals pass on want to acquire possession, and most likely will engage in conflicts with virtuoso another. Therefore, he suggests that the natural virtue of morality be employ to govern them.One major presumption made by Locke is the concomitant that, for a society to best protect itself and its property, the individuals within that society must join together and form a body politic, in which they keep to adhere to certain standards of behavior. To accomplish this, they must give up more or less of their natural rights. As history has since demonstrated, the giving up of natural rights has not always been met with a good response, as in the case of the American Civil War, where states rights was a major underlying cause.Within this civil society, the plurality must submit what they consider to be natural freedoms to the common law of that society. In return, they receive the protection of their government. An executive power i.e. president is given over the authority to enforce the laws of the government, punishing any that break those laws. However, should the power held by the executive or other officials within the government fail to exist up to their responsibilities, the people have the right and the responsibility to rebel against that government. at one time they have rebelled against it, if they are successful in removing it, they must replace it with one that will abide by the laws set up for the smooth rails of their society.It is this last concept that proves to be the crux of Lockes document. It was what served as his motivating to write the Second Treatise. He wanted the British to understand they had the right to replace one government with another. It would be this concept that would serve as one of the underlying philosophies that would inspire revolutions in both America and France, as well as the documents on which America was founded on the Declaration of independence and the United States Constitution.The various ideas presented in the Second Treatise limited government found on natural rights and human dignity, unlimited personal property based on those same natural rights are what make this document a superbly constructed argument against the concept of absolutism. Thus, it remains a most influential work within the realm of political philosophy, and within history in general.

Zombie Essay for Anthropology

The first article is a health check study of the Haitian snake god which is the culture that originated the concept of the walking dead. Basically the Afri idler slaves worshiped numerous Gods and the Spanish Catholic Priests attempted to impose the European Christianity on the slaves in the Caribbean. vodoun was hidden in the Catholic religion for centuries. bewitch believes in cosmos in tune with your environment. If you ar Ill there are twain possibilities. One Is you are out of whack with nature and a hex priest or priestess can get you back In harmony. devil Is person Is attacking you magically.Then you contain a Voodoo priest or priestess to stop the attacks. In Halt here are over 1,000 listed living dead possessions a year. For a poor society with few medical exam doctors the Voodoo priest also acts as doctor to the sick. So where do automatons stick in into this equation. close to Voodoo practiti wizrs are aligned with the dark side. They produce a neurotic th at kills you then afterwards a week or so a person comes back to life of a sort. The reanimated person has rattling limited mental functions and basically becomes a servant to someone being capable of menial tasks.In Haiti there are approximately honey oil charges of relatives fair zombies registered with the police. In 1997 there was a medical study in the Lancet journal concerning three people that were Identified as zombies after they had passed away. Their relatives insisted these two women and a man were family members who had died years before. The two doctors did full medical examinations Including Eggs and CT brain scans. Two of the three were Identified as cases of mistaken identity by finger prints and DNA testing. The three individuals were rear to not be zombies but people with medical problems.One was catatonic schizophrenia, one was found to subscribe serious brain damage due to epilepsy and the hire was probably related to fetal alcohol poisoning. (Foot note to a medical study of the Haitian zombie). The first pictures of a Zombie were taken by Zorn Neal Hurst in her 1938 book Voodoo Gods. The neurotic was identified by Anthropologist walk Davis as a neurotic found in puffer fish. separate powders that were identified had several different substances In them Including puffer fish toxin and toxins from several(a) tree frogs.Over time the compliant Zombie concept has evolved Into one where the ravening zombie who has a taste for brains, welcome to Hollywood or Holly weird. Zombies eave coupled the fascination with various other undead characters resembling mummies, skeletons, ghouls, and vampires (footnote to the American Fascination article). Breaks. Some like the Resident Evil series are science experiments bypast wrong, and with each new movie the Zombies have new attributes to make them scarier. They are bigger or stronger or smarter.Then World War Z has the fear fast zombie which means there is no escape. We all have memorisen the tee shirt . The movie Firefly puts Zombies in Outer quadriceps femoris in the future. The basis for all these were governments doing hidden experimentations that got away from the guards. Who isnt panicked of a government who wants to control their constituents? Also another new factor is the Zombie who can organize and their primary purpose is to remove humans from existence, much(prenominal) as in the Will Smith movie I Am Legend.So society breaks down and the army is not there to indite you, it is genuinely much a run and hide universe where you have to save yourself. The television show The Walking Dead shows how Americans love to be scared while at the same time want a receive to escape or fight the opponents. only Combinable shows that the Zombie revelation movie can also have a sense of humor. But the primary reason for Zombie movies is worldwide people like to be scared, and generally by something they know realistically really cannot exist.So you can be scared bu t have no real problem with lidless nights. So what are the two scariest things about zombie evolution? The fast Zombies climbing over the Jerusalem walls in World War Z, and animals becoming Zombies like those Doberman Pinchers in I Am Legend. Speed kills and then animals can also become Zombies. So from my anthropological perspective I see the Undead are evolving, at least in Hollywood. I wonder what Darwin would hazard of Zombies. I chose this Blob because I enjoy Zombie movies though I am not really interested in being split of the Zombie apocalypse.You run out of food, gas, ammunition, and toilet paper none of which seems like a lot of fun to me. Also it is interesting to me that studying Zombies is a subject that anthropologists have been interested in for close to 100 years. At some colleges you can take a class (foot note to that tacking on Anthropology 3313 about Zombies). But something to remember is how much a small, very poor country like Haiti is responsible with hav ing a lot of lick on the US movie industry. Which has spread over the globe.

Evolution of Leadership Models

What is leading? And how has the speculation on loss attractership directed? Greenwood (1993) paints an evoke if somewhat surprising turn in as he reviews the development of lead surmisal from the turn of the ordinal coulomb onward. Greenwood (1993) describes how in the early 1900s the stick of Scientific management, Frederick Taylor sm either-arm non directly constitution some lead in his description of the region of the supervisor introduced the matter of traits and its have-to doe with to situation.He did so as he describe the ideal traits to be found in an effective foreman all the same trance acknowledging that no peerless psyche would have all those feature articles and so there was the need for by dividing the lap up into specialized areas. Further, from the nineteenth century Thomas Carlyle examined the characteristics of great men positing that the leaven to fountain is rooted in a heroic set of private talents, skills or physical characteristic s (Heifetz, 199816).At the bulge of the twentieth century, other scholars (Bird, 1940, Tead and Metcalf, 1920, Barnard, 1938), also affirm that achievementful managers have true traits. However, in 1948 Stogdills seminal constitute highlighted the inconsistencies in the trait system studies significantly dismantled the theory noting that The separate suggests that leaders is a coincidence that exists amidst persons in a companionable situation, and that persons who are leaders in angiotensin converting enzyme situation may not necessarily be leaders in other situations. Stogdill, 1974 cited in Greenwood, 19937Interestingly, Davis (1934) referring to traits remark there was no checklist for success hardly stated that leading characteristic they are necessarily a function of the characteristics and requirements of the leader and the particular situation, as well as the born(p) capacities of the executive himself (Davis, 1937 cited in Greenwood, 19938). By 1955 Koontz and ODonnell building on his run posited that the trait theory was of little obligation noting that leading involved the power of persuasion upon retainers and that the quality of leading was impacted by accepted nvironmental factors. Leadership theory was also influenced by human race relation considerations, which emerged virtually just about the same time. These thinkers made the link with leading as it relates to the leaders efficiency to connect with people, to em directionise, develop teams and to delegate and emphasized that the follower was central and leaders focused on the needs of the follower. So while the movement did not develop a leaders theory it introduced the linkage between individual needs, observations and group kinetics and appropriate styles of leading carriage.Blake and mutton challenged Daviss theory of fashion stating that the dimensions unavoidable for an effective description of operable conduct are attitudinal variables, not behavior variables (cited in Greenwood, 199313). Using the managerial grid and attitudinal variables the writers posited that there was unmatchable beaver way to lead but differing tactics depending on the situation. This premise is not supported by the situational theory, which focuses on legion(predicate) leadership styles which depends on the situation.In many ways situational theory is a convergence of many schools of thought although the path to its development has been messy and sometimes circuitous. The theory is establish on leadership effectiveness strongly fastened to a leader being demanding and simultaneously sensitive to the needs of the chase (Greenwood, 199314). It predicts leadership operation base on interaction between leadership personality and the leaders control of the situation. In this regard, the theory is a var. with Blake and Moutons view of one best style.Tannenbaum and Schmidts (1973 ) determinate work supports the contingency theory and describe seven leadership styles, which were sedulous depending on interrelatedness of three name issues forces in the manger, the subordinate and the situation. As noted by the writers. the successful manager of men can be primarily characterized neither as a strong leader nor as a permissive one. Rather, he is one who maintains a high batten average in accurately assessing the forces that delimit what his most appropriate behavior at any given time. Tannenbaum and Schmidt (1973180) Situational mold versus LMXThe situational approach has evolved into a situational leadership model, which combines the four styles of leadership linked with the spirit of the task and the accomplishment pushiness of the individuals to determine the most appropriate leadership style. Performance zeal is based on two principal issues ability and impartingness. By combining the leadership styles with performance cooking continuum matrix one is able to match performance lot with leadership style. So for insta nce a low performance avidity (R1) would require a revealing style (S1) (Hersey, Blanchard & Johnson, 2008).The work of Armenakis, Harris & Mossholder (1993) writing on creating readiness for organisational change set up a framework of readiness and urgency, which is related to the Situational Model and supports the premise that readiness is linked to leadership style. On the other hand, the LMX theory (Graen & Uhl-Bien, 1995) is a much recent theory, which examines the three domains of leadership that is leader, follower and relationship in methodicalness to increase predictability of leadership practices. It incorporates trading operations and relationship in the leadership process.However, deliver 3 Leadership fashioning and Stage 4 Team devising two important elements of the leadership process are withal evolving. In my opinion, while the concepts are of stakes it has not yet matured commensurate to be a multipurpose motherfucker when compared to the Situational M odel. In summary, the situational model while not the end all and be all of leadership theory provides a useful tool for practitioners to apply in their professional practice. reason out remarks I am dazed at the state of leadership theory despite the many eld of intense study. Such is the complexity of the issue.In my accept professional practice I often adopt a leadership style that is in draw off with the contingency theory. With my team the style based on the model tends to be S2 while with some of the pilots countries where there is a concern with preparedness ranging between R1 and R2 I tend to adopt a telling or sell leadership style. Additionally, given the time boundary on the project readiness of the stakeholders can generally be draw as low readiness/high urgency. I am not in apposition to renew staff so I will have to rethink my colloquy strategy ( Armenakis, Harris & Mossholder, 1993).I start where I began what is leadership? In a sense impression I know more about what leadership is not. It is not about traits or personalities nor is it leader focused. Leadership in many ways is still an art, it is relational, reflexive, intuitive and is a state within, which the leader and follower are inextricably linked. Denise Forrest Bibliography Armenakis, A. A. , Harris, S. G. & Mossholder, K. W. (1993) Creating readiness for organisational change, pitying Relations, 46 (6), pp. 681-703. Graen, G. B. , & Uhl-Bien, M. 1995) Relationship-based approach to leadership development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 age applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective, The Leadership Quarterly, 6 (2), pp. 219-247. Greenwood, R. G. (1993) Leadership theory a historical look at its ontogeny,Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 1 (1), pp. 4-19, Heifetz, R. A. (1998) Values in leadership. In Leadership without easy answers. Cambridge, mama Harvard University Press, pp. 13-27. Hersey, P. , Blanchard, K. H. & Johnson, D. E. (2008) Situational leadership In Management of organizational behavior leading human resources. 9th ed. New York Pearson International, pp. 132-157. Leana, C. R. (1986) Predictors and consequences of delegation, Academy of Management Journal, 29 (4), pp. 754-774. Raelin, J. A. (2003) Creating leaderful organizations how to bring outleadership in everyone. San Francisco, California Berrett-Koehler. Tannenbaum, R. & Schmidt, W. H. (1973) How to choose a leadership pattern, Harvard Business Review, 51 (3), pp. 162-180.Evolution of Leadership ModelsWhat is leadership? And how has the theory on leadership developed? Greenwood (1993) paints an interesting if somewhat surprising picture as he reviews the development of leadership theory from the turn of the twentieth century onward. Greenwood (1993) describes how in the early 1900s the Father of Scientific Management, Frederick Taylor while not directly writing about leadership in his description of the role of the supervisor introd uced the matter of traits and its link to situation.He did so as he described the ideal traits to be found in an effective foreman even while acknowledging that no one person would have all those characteristics and so there was the need for by dividing the work into specialized areas. Further, from the nineteenth century Thomas Carlyle examined the characteristics of great men positing that the rise to power is rooted in a heroic set of personal talents, skills or physical characteristics (Heifetz, 199816).At the start of the twentieth century, other scholars (Bird, 1940, Tead and Metcalf, 1920, Barnard, 1938), also affirmed that successful managers have certain traits. However, in 1948 Stogdills seminal work highlighted the inconsistencies in the trait theory studies significantly dismantled the theory noting that The evidence suggests that leadership is a relation that exists between persons in a social situation, and that persons who are leaders in one situation may not necessar ily be leaders in other situations. Stogdill, 1974 cited in Greenwood, 19937Interestingly, Davis (1934) referring to traits noted there was no checklist for success but stated that leadership characteristic they are necessarily a function of the characteristics and requirements of the leader and the particular situation, as well as the innate capacities of the executive himself (Davis, 1937 cited in Greenwood, 19938). By 1955 Koontz and ODonnell building on his work posited that the trait theory was of little promise noting that leadership involved the power of persuasion upon followers and that the quality of leadership was impacted by certain nvironmental factors. Leadership theory was also influenced by human relation considerations, which emerged around about the same time. These thinkers made the link with leadership as it relates to the leaders ability to connect with people, to empathise, develop teams and to delegate and emphasized that the follower was central and leadershi p focused on the needs of the follower. So while the movement did not develop a leadership theory it introduced the linkage between individual needs, observations and group dynamics and appropriate styles of leadership behavior.Blake and Mouton challenged Daviss theory of behavior stating that the dimensions needed for an effective description of operational conduct are attitudinal variables, not behavior variables (cited in Greenwood, 199313). Using the managerial grid and attitudinal variables the writers posited that there was one best way to lead but differing tactics depending on the situation. This premise is not supported by the situational theory, which focuses on many leadership styles which depends on the situation.In many ways situational theory is a convergence of many schools of thought although the path to its development has been messy and sometimes circuitous. The theory is based on leadership effectiveness strongly tied to a leader being demanding and simultaneousl y sensitive to the needs of the followers (Greenwood, 199314). It predicts leadership performance based on interaction between leadership personality and the leaders control of the situation. In this regard, the theory is a variance with Blake and Moutons view of one best style.Tannenbaum and Schmidts (1973 ) classical work supports the contingency theory and described seven leadership styles, which were employed depending on interrelatedness of three key issues forces in the manger, the subordinate and the situation. As noted by the writers. the successful manager of men can be primarily characterized neither as a strong leader nor as a permissive one. Rather, he is one who maintains a high batting average in accurately assessing the forces that determine what his most appropriate behavior at any given time. Tannenbaum and Schmidt (1973180) Situational Model versus LMXThe situational approach has evolved into a situational leadership model, which combines the four styles of leaders hip linked with the nature of the task and the performance readiness of the individuals to determine the most appropriate leadership style. Performance readiness is based on two principal issues ability and willingness. By combining the leadership styles with performance readiness continuum matrix one is able to match performance readiness with leadership style. So for instance a low performance readiness (R1) would require a telling style (S1) (Hersey, Blanchard & Johnson, 2008).The work of Armenakis, Harris & Mossholder (1993) writing on creating readiness for organisational change provide a framework of readiness and urgency, which is related to the Situational Model and supports the premise that readiness is linked to leadership style. On the other hand, the LMX theory (Graen & Uhl-Bien, 1995) is a more recent theory, which examines the three domains of leadership that is leader, follower and relationship in order to increase predictability of leadership practices. It incorporat es operations and relationship in the leadership process.However, Stage 3 Leadership Making and Stage 4 Team Making two important elements of the leadership process are still evolving. In my opinion, while the concepts are of interest it has not yet matured sufficient to be a useful tool when compared to the Situational Model. In summary, the situational model while not the end all and be all of leadership theory provides a useful tool for practitioners to apply in their professional practice. Concluding remarks I am amazed at the state of leadership theory despite the many years of intense study. Such is the complexity of the issue.In my own professional practice I often adopt a leadership style that is in line with the contingency theory. With my team the style based on the model tends to be S2 while with some of the pilots countries where there is a concern with preparedness ranging between R1 and R2 I tend to adopt a telling or selling leadership style. Additionally, given the time limitation on the project readiness of the stakeholders can generally be described as low readiness/high urgency. I am not in apposition to replace staff so I will have to rethink my communication strategy ( Armenakis, Harris & Mossholder, 1993).I start where I began what is leadership? In a sense I know more about what leadership is not. It is not about traits or personalities nor is it leader focused. Leadership in many ways is still an art, it is relational, reflexive, intuitive and is a state within, which the leader and follower are inextricably linked. Denise Forrest Bibliography Armenakis, A. A. , Harris, S. G. & Mossholder, K. W. (1993) Creating readiness for organizational change, Human Relations, 46 (6), pp. 681-703. Graen, G. B. , & Uhl-Bien, M. 1995) Relationship-based approach to leadership development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective, The Leadership Quarterly, 6 (2), pp. 219-247. Gre enwood, R. G. (1993) Leadership theory a historical look at its evolution,Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 1 (1), pp. 4-19, Heifetz, R. A. (1998) Values in leadership. In Leadership without easy answers. Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press, pp. 13-27. Hersey, P. , Blanchard, K. H. & Johnson, D. E. (2008) Situational leadership In Management of organizational behavior leading human resources. 9th ed. New York Pearson International, pp. 132-157. Leana, C. R. (1986) Predictors and consequences of delegation, Academy of Management Journal, 29 (4), pp. 754-774. Raelin, J. A. (2003) Creating leaderful organizations how to bring outleadership in everyone. San Francisco, California Berrett-Koehler. Tannenbaum, R. & Schmidt, W. H. (1973) How to choose a leadership pattern, Harvard Business Review, 51 (3), pp. 162-180.

Persuasive Essay on Global Warming Essay

Recent modernistics either around us gives rise to practic entirelyy concern roughly spheric change. Person all(prenominal)y, I am alarmed at the evaluate that the earth is now deteriorating. For example, there is the fact that the second warmest ball-shaped surface temperature in more than than a century was recorded in 2001. News much(prenominal) as these should not only touch on me, nevertheless the entire man. Starting from individuals like me, every little effort towards avoiding human being(a) heat would count and make a difference. On this situation, it is nice to look at that there are galore(postnominal) groups and institutions that actually endeavor to develop new technologies that could help prevent world(prenominal) calefacient. The whole world should join in this effort to save the environs.There are galore(postnominal) places that are bothering the kind population nowadays, such as terrorism, war, economy, and others. However, there is no other issue that so pervades human consciousness recently than the issue on worldwide warming. Many celebrities and international organizations are exerting efforts to build awareness around the world that there is a real danger to our planet, and that the time is ripe for all to take action.Everyone should be concerned about world-wide warming, especially considering the heterogeneous insalubrious effects it poses on life in the planet. The gravity of the position calls upon nations, as big movers and possessors of power in large scale, to put more effort into developing new technologies to prevent tho orbiculate warming. On the small scale, recent news on global warming should be enough to wake everyone from slumber and do their part in obstetrical delivery our environment, which is becoming more dangerous beca utilize of continued global warming.The gravity of the incumbent situation is shown by the fact that the second warmest global surface temperature in more than a centur y was recorded in 2001. Previous decades, especially the period between 1951 and 1980, registered cooler climates. This trend of warmer climates is seen as a consequence of anthropogenic ca workouts such as the emission of glasshouse gases (Hansen, Ruedy, Sato, and Lo 275). much(prenominal) trend is alarming and should wake people up from their inaction, because the recent calculations of temperature add-on foretell the adventure of even greater temperature in the coming historic period (King 780). Moreover, as the facts recorded at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hilo, Hawaii tell, degree centigrade dioxide levels consistently rise at a rate of about 2 p.p.m. per annum (King 780).These data show a marked add-on in the rate of carbon dioxide levels, that are way above recorded levels in anterior warm periods (King 780). These facts also show how warm global temperature has gotten since the last century, which further confirm the realization of the greenhouse effect speculation (K ing 780).It is appropriate to note that the theory of climate change abide be traced as farther back as 1827, when a French mathematician named Fourier thought about the possibility that the earth may be absorbing the heat that should be send back to space (King 779). At the time, Fourier built upon the observation of British scientist Tyndall that nonage gases in our atmosphere, namely, carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor, cause the greenhouse effect (King 779). This theory is fast demonstrating its reality, as shown by the above observations. sphericly, there are observed environmental changes that have become worse in time. Among these are defores create from raw stuffion, greenhouse gas-induced warming, loss in biodiversity, and desertification (Grimmond 83). These environmental changes are caused largely by the fast increase in human population (Grimmond 83).The effects of all these environmental changes are being matte both in large and small scale. The effects of th ese changes in small scale climate change savet be seen at the urban level, wherein broader environmental changes are being felt in greater magnitude (Grimmond 83). Urban climates have changed. Among the effects of urbanization on climate are the alteration of energy and water exchanges and air flow due to surface and atmospheric changes and urban warming due to conduce anthropogenic emissions of heat, pollutants and carbon dioxide (Grimmond 83).While there are some cities that send packing be considered lucky, because their large spaces of irrigated greenspace provide cooler temperature, a majority of the cities intimacy up to a 10-degree-Celsius difference in temperature (Grimmond 83).The materials chosen and used in the construction of buildings and other infrastructure in urban locations and other factors such as the distances between such structures all contribute to urban warming (Grimmond 86). The morphology of cities, particularly in terms of the width, height and den sity of the buildings therein, affect solar access in daytime and the cooling rates at night (Grimmond 83). Unfortunately, urban warming has grave implications to inhabitants, such as those relating to their well-being, wellness and comfort (Grimmond 86). Compared to rural environments, urban locations are warmer by an modal(a) of 1 to 3 degrees Celsius (Grimmond 83).One of the scariest implications of urban warming is felt generally by the poor (Grimmond 87). For example, heat waves swept all over India in 1998 and caused injuries and deaths (Grimmond 87). The same catastrophe occurred in France and Spain in 2003 (Grimmond 87).With regard to the effect of urban warming on human comfort, there is involved a heavy-handed cycle. The intense heat makes people uncomfortable. Thus, they would want to use airconditioning systems (Grimmond 87). The increase use of airconditioning, on the other hand, generates more heat and demands more energy through and through increased generation of electricity, which again would cause increased urban warming (Grimmond 87).Indeed, this is not an unjustified fear. The increased use of airconditioning had already been observed in large continents such as Asia, Europe and North America (Grimmond 87). such increased demand has been observed to cause amplified electricity generation (Grimmond 87). This, in turn, results in the end product of more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which again star topologys to increase global warming (Grimmond 87). With the continued abuse by people of the environment and the continued generation of heat, risks greater than the heat waves experienced in many countries are very likely to arise (Grimmond 87).It may be considered that the persona of urban development and urban warming to the global scenario is small however, the dangers tat urban warming poses should not be ignored (Grimmond 87). Gases from urban areas, such as pollution and greenhouse gas emissions are the leading anthropogenic sources of global warming (Grimmond 87). Moreover, as discussed above, the experience of warmer climate in the cities lead to increased inhalation of energy, which again causes global warming (Grimmond 87). The combinations of many factors, including those occurring in urban zones, would surely give rise to global consequences and implications (Grimmond 87).It is important, in any effort to convince people into action, to make them understand the implications at stake (Grimmond 87). The strategies towards solving the problem of global warming cover a wide range, and any move should involve the participation of all stakeholders (Grimmond 87).For example, in the community level, apiece person can do his small but significant part in mitigating global warming, by avoiding or minimizing the use of airconditioning in modulate to reduce consumption of energy. Reduced demand for airconditioning would lead to decreased demand in energy supply, which would lead to less production of green house gases (Grimmond 87). Thus, a simple act of minimizing the comforts of the modern world could do wonders in preventing further global warming.The threat of continued and sustain global should be enough to raise concerns among all people, because of the extreme events that we should be prepared for as a consequence of global warming (King 780). For one, global warming causes more water vapor to remain in the atmosphere, which is hardly what the greenhouse effect means (King 780). increase water vapor is a result of increases in the level of carbon dioxide in the air, and comes alongside the increase of temperature in the seas and the earth (King 780). deforestation is another negative effect of global warming (King 780 Saxe, et al.). The increased temperature leads to decreased rainfall, which leads to dryer conditions and more forest fires (King 780 Saxe, et al.). Increased global heat contributes to easier catching up of large fires in the forest. In turn, deforestation agai n increases global warming, like a vicious cycle. Deforestation deprives the planet of vital carbon sinks, which are required to balance the global carbon budget (Saxe, et al. 389). Fortunately, this can be reversed through the pose of more trees and building more density in the forests, in order to counter the production and existence of carbon in the atmosphere (Saxe, et al. 389-390).Global warming can also cause the loss of the Greenland ice rag week (King 780). This would cause serious problems because it could raise the sea level around the world by approximately 7 meters over a period of about a thousand years (King 780). It could also cause enhanced retire of glaciers in some places (King 780). Further effects of global warming can also be observed in the oceans, through increased moroseness (King 780). The increase in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere cause a corresponding increase of the same in oceans, thereby increasing their moroseness (King 780). Thus, there are already observed effects on chromatic reefs and plankton population, while wider impact on marine life and on the food chain is yet to be observed (King 780).To date, a documented sum total of 17 coral reef ecosystems have been found to be card-playing around the world. This is a huge blow to the planet, since it is estimated that coral reefs provide obligate to ecosystems worth more than $375 billion per annum to the global economy (King 780). These terrible consequences should be enough to make everyone concerned about global warming and its deleterious effects on all aspects of life in the planet (King 780). tidy sum should be concerned about destroying life and support systems in various ecosystems, which would eventually affect human lives.Having seen the scary possibilities that come alongside global warming, everyone should join the movement towards making this planet greener and healthier. People should be go by stories of forest fires, destruction of ecosystems , and deaths due to heat waves, that are occurring all over the world (King 780 Saxe, et al. 389). The planet is becoming less safe with each passing day that people live in ignorance of the damage they are causing the environment. Continuous apathy and inaction could lead to more blasting deaths and further destruction of the planet, which possibilities should raise alarm and concern in all mankind.Each person can definitely do his share in minimizing the anthropogenic causes of global warming. We have seen how a simple act of minimizing the consumption of airconditioning could have positive effects on the environment. It is time that each of us does our share to save our home. This is the only way that future generations could still jollify earth as we know it.Works CitedGrimmond, Sue. Urbanization and global environmental change local effects of urban warming. Cities and Global Environmental adjustment 83-88.Hansen, J., Ruedy, R., Sato, M., and K. Lo. Global Warming Continues.S cience, New Series 295 (2002)275.Kellomaki, Seppo, Rouvinen, Ismo, Peltola, Heli, Strandman, Harri and Rainer Steinbrecher. Impact of global warming on the tree species composition of boreal forests in Finland and effects on emissions of isoprenoids. Global Change Biology 7 (2001) 531-544.King, David. Climate change the lore and the policy. Journal of Applied Ecology 42 (2005) 779-783.Saxe, Henrik, Cannell, Melvin G. R., Johnsen, Oystein, Ryan, Michael G., Vourlitis, George. Tree and forest public presentation in response to global warming. New Phytologist 149 (2001) 369-400.

Make Recommendations for Improving Your Health Education Campaign Essay

The health education topic which I remove is cheerfulnessbathe aw atomic number 18ness. I choose this campaign because more commonwealth atomic number 18 departure on holidays and using sun beds and non existence aware of the dangers and what it can cause. The 2009-10 National Skin Cancer Awareness force is tar stand bying to as low as 14-40 years as research has shown that these ages are still getting sun burnt each weekend in summer, and cumulative exposure to ultra violet radiation over your living and episodes of sunburn increase the risk of sputter cancer. This is because commonwealth can instantaneously afford to go on holidays more often and are not using sun cream and palming up.Also people at the age of 18 are now using sun beds more often because appearance means a lot to people at that age. They are becoming more self conscious somewhat themselves and are using sun beds to get a quick, cheap and easy tan. My s. m. a. r. t objectives for genuflect cancer i s SunSmart Policy to Increase the knowledge and awareness of skin cancer. Assist to develop strategies that encourage responsible decision make about skin protection, including not sun baking. Work towards a safe bestow instruction environment that provides shade for students and staff.Encourage students, parents, teachers, and staff to wear protective clothing, sunglasses, hats and sunscreen during high risk times such as lunch times, sports, excursions and camps. check that parents are informed of the schools SunSmart policy. Sun protection and skin cancer awareness programs are incorporated into the Health and Physical breeding areas of the school curriculum. Wear the correct protection Clothing when out in the sun. The school is working towards increasing and/or maintaining shade in its grounds, curiously in areas where students congregate eg.Lunch, canteen, decking areas. Also to start display the dangers of the sun and sun beds and try not to advertise sun beds. To try and make people follow these objectives I could make people aware of the dangers by showing them horrific pictures of skin cancer and the affects of sun burn. By showing them these images it would stay on in on that point head and they would try and stop in winning a stupid amount of UV. By making videos of people with skin cancer could make them aware of how dangerous the sun is and using sun beds are. Also how the skin is affected by the sun by making you age.I think for my choice of approach I would make a presentation to a group of people making them aware of the causes of skin cancer. by doing this each person which intakes the awareness would hopefully tell there friends and the friends would tell other people which would make it a on going process to eventually people would realize the dangers. Hopefully this leave succor them adapt to sun bruise and how important it is to just listen. The media which im going to choose posters, leaflets and games. This is a effective way to promote my campaign. There fun eer full with bright colors and easy to understand.I think this is a good idea for my age range audience as its to 14-40. I think they will understand my media well and hopefully it will get to them. I will show pictures on my posters which are eye catching. These could be what a skin cancer mole looks like. Hopefully the audience will be educated by this and know what there looking for. I will also show badly burned people, this will cow the audience and make them use more sun cream and cover up. My game will be easy to use and fun. It will give someone good knowledge of skin cancer and the sun smart campaign and whats it all about.

Guns Germs and Steel Essay

Yali asked the question of wherefore is it that you white volume developed so very much weight and brought it to naked Guinea, further we black astronomical number had so shortsighted cargo of our avouch? (Diamond 14) In early(a) words, he is asking what is the factor between our plenty and ours that causes human development to proceed at diametrical rates? (Diamond 16) What Yali is in truth asking though, is, what is this mysterious factor? According to Diamond, the basis for development is the purlieu around us including the resources and the native people of New Guinea striket live in an ara where a chance is provided for them to replete payoff of. The internal resources are just enough for them to get by. This is wherefore the people of New Guinea produce so little cargo of their own.Pizarros capture of Atahuallpa and destruction of the Incas made the Europeans realize what agent they head, and what they could do to the rest of the world. They easily wiped o ut the Incas of 80,000 with 168 men. From the Battle of Cajamarca, Pizzaro came back to Charles I axiom that Europe had the power to conquer the Americas. There were reasons Pizarro and the Europeans could conquer the Americas They had get out warfare than the Incas. Pizarros men had armor rode horseback and used firebrand differentiated to their wooden weapons.Eurasia happened to hold in an abundance of edible material because of the right environs leading to the domestication of plants and animals direct the people to place dispirited in one place instead of being nomads. When people started to settle down and bring the provender to them, they started to have a surplus which led for the people to have extra jobs and it started to also support a higher creation while allowing women to have more than than children contributing to job specialization. These specialists were not accustomed to farmers or fodder producers but varied to priests, blacksmiths etc. Permanent horticulture societies were able to from with the fare surpluses leading to empires.Some of the reason that people began to settle down and farm are because at the time more unfounded nutrients began to decrease due to hunters and ga in that respectrs killing off too many large animals leaving life unsustainable. More wildplants that could be domesticated became useable at the time. Technological advances allowe3d people to harvest and store greater amounts of food that they cultivated. Human populations rose its not clear how much it caused food production and how much food production caused it but researchers believe on that points a connection. As populations rose, they submited to have better food supplies and started domain. The farm societies were able to drive out neighboring hunter-gatherers.A clean with long east- westernmost axis like (Eurasia) has an advantage over continents with long north-south axes (like Africa and the Americas). The reasons it does have to d o with crops and longitude. In general similar crops can grow at similar longitudes. In other words a cropped that developed in one place can be spread east to west (or west to east) but less likely to spread north and south. epiphytotic disorders developed among the societies that had been farming the longest. These were Eurasian societies. Societies in the Americas, Australia, and other places had not been farming as long and lacked epidemic diseases. When Europeans came in contact with Native Americans, for example, European epidemic diseases killed huge percentages of the Native Americans. This helped the Europeans conquer and the conquest made them richer and more powerful. Therefore germs help to decide Yalis question. The societies that did independently invent committal to make-up were those with complex hierarchies and sophisticated systems of food production. Writing was needed for politics and was slackly learned by bureaucrats who had the comfort of available time and energy. As food was available to them, they had no need to hunt and gather for themselves. Since their basic inescapably were being met, they could focus on a higher level of human beings and communication. There are dickens conditions in which applied science may develop. The branch is mother necessity ideology which is when a society needs mostthing to direct things easier they invent it. Technology differed from place to place because there were more people to invent and better diffusion to spread the invention. The opposite happened in the Americas because there were less people and a slower diffusion rate. Also different cultures had different ideas for change.The only way that society can emerge is by food. Such developmentsinclude jobs, such as the chief and the beginnings of government. The institutions of society changed over time based on how organized they were. They evolved based around miscellaneous factors like war and other societies. They are related by diffusion. Whenever a state is conquered by another state they enforce use of their technology or exploit it. States are going to develop weapons, troops, and religion in order to make the state survive. They develop in response to need of their population size. They use these agents of conquest to grow larger and to conquer other societies and for that they need guns, germs, and steel.What Diamond is saying is that he thinks that people really should not think that history is so much different from the sciences. He is saying that the study of history can be pretty scientific if it is through with(p) correctly (and that some sciences are not as precise as things like chemistry). Diamond is trying to argue that historians should use what he calls natural tastes. He thinks that there are many experiments where there are two or more places that are pretty similar in many ways but which then turned out differently (like his experiment in Chapter 2). He argues that historians can use these they can look at what was different and what was similar and how the differences led to the differences in the outcomes.Guns, Germs, and Steel Book freshen upI think Diamonds central intent of writing the throw is to explain how varying societies become dominate, and how certain others can become dominated. By looking at environmental conditions that caused the disparities that lead to certain societies create guns, germs, and steel, including other technology, and forming a government necessary for conquest. He introduced the book with Yalis question Why is it that you white people developed so much cargo and brought it to New Guinea, but we black people has so little cargo of our own? This question used a scientific/ geographical background, and set his intent is to answer the question or inform how to answer the question. He also tries to analyze the causes of the expansion of civilizations in some part of the world, since all people are physically the same what could cause some to be successfuland others to die? He used archaeological and historic case studies and evidence from ancestrals and linguistics, he argued that technological and gaps in power are not caused by race or culture differences but by environmental differences, He used the idea of the axis as one saying that Eurasia had an east to west (or west to east) therefore having an advantage over Africa or the Americas for instance, because crops could grow at the same longitude but it was more difficult as they went north and south. Also when cultural or genetic differences have favored Eurasians like for example written language or resistance to epidemic diseases he says these advantages occurred because of the influence and geography on societies and cultures and were not inherited as genes from Eurasian ancestors. Diamonds book argues that the differences in progress for different societies around the world do not offspring from one group being smarter or more resourceful than an other. Rather, he focuses on the impact of geography whether food and other key items were plentiful, whether and how disease spread, and how these developments led to different levels of industrialization, and wealth The book Guns, Germs, and Steel was very good written in the sense that Diamond had a question in which was the foundation of the book, he throughout the book acquired evidence and explanations and ideas of how to answer the question. The book had evidence to back it up by explaining how Eurasia had a better chance being west to east meaning they had better crop farming. Which led to a growing civilization and soon conquest. The book wasnt just now dull or boring but it wasnt exciting or entertaining either. It was like any other history book it asked a question, then went on to the point. There was an explanation of the main topic which was Yalis question and evidence that dealt with answering the question. From beginning to end, Diamond stresses that he realizes that efforts to compare societies have frequently been used by racists or nationalists to belittle groups or justify mistreatment of them. He argues that his analysis is in fact anti-racism at consort because it shows that the white people who enjoy the comforts of modern life are ultimately luckier than, not more deserving than, people in broken nations.