Success in Life Does Not Need a Degree

Most of the statistics says that almost every person who succeeded in his life and became famous also well known was outliers, in science, invention or businesses. For example, Albert Einstein, the most famous mathematician ever, he dropped from school not college and became a role model also an idol. In the article as the author mentioned that being successful and rich doesn’t need us to go to college complete our studies and have a certificate in the field that we are passionate about, we just have to drop school and start working on our passion.She is kind of saying that college put down our hop, faith in our self and our potential, and obligating us to go in it to waste time while we can work freely on our own business. Truth to de said she did good researches and looked up for fantastic people such as, Bill Gates, Steven Jobs and Cameron Johnson that others consider them a role models and look up to them, yet she didn't investigate deeply in their personal life. For examp le, did she interview them? Did she ask them who they met to help them?Who founded them? Thought the author – Lauren Drell – mentioned some good details about their life and what have they been through to convince us to drop college in order to start working on our passion, I disagree with her because of many reasons. First important reason, these people are courageous, for example, when Cameron Johnson dropped out from college, although his parents disagreed with him, and being accepted in any college is not easy, he ignored them and listens to his mind.As parents they were afraid on their sun future because they know how the life is difficult without a certificate, failing and becoming unemployed is hard thing to live with. Disappointment, frustration and failing might lead to some serious issue could destroy your life Furthermore dropping college after getting in it won’t be as easy as it sounds, because preparation for it, meet the requirements and getting a certificate as an approval saying that we are versed and professional in the major that we like, is something better than succeeding in it without a certificate.But his guts and his insistence to achieve his goal drove him to that success. I think that he gain the latent and became courageous, was because of his parents. â€Å"Johnson credits his business skills to his parents â€Å"as the author mentioned in the article. Another reason, these people are passionate and serious about what they like. For example, when Tom Szaky worked throughout his spring break not just that but he was a freshmen, he was interested in making a medicine from a weed â€Å"yes that kind of weed† like the author stated.Which mean that it was dangerous to his health; he could have been get hurt while he is processing and making the medicine, yet he didn't care. Adding to that he was in his first year, so having fun and enjoying his time might been his main activity. But his passion, his commitme nt and his ambition were the things led him to accomplish what he was aiming to. I think that his intelligence as well as his geniality participated in his succession. Other example, when Jeri Ellsworth taught herself how to make chips without even studying and learning the skills.This kind of skills need the appropriate environment, equipment and professional tutor to explain the methods and gives the exact direction to make it correctly. And be able to use it in the future. Third reason is they never gave up on their dream and ambition. For example, when Ellsworth got rejected by many companies and refused to adopt her work. She might have been little disappointed, but she never stopped her work. Keep working and achieving her goal was the purpose, until a client toke the advantage of trying and examining her in invention.After that success and the client were pleased with her work, she became famous and that was her starting point to be known by others. †Ã¢â‚¬ I knew I had to keep networking, shaking hands and sharing my story at raid shows† Ellsworth stated – eventually one person took a risk on her† said Lauren Drell. And I am positive that the other milliners failed in some part of their path, but that didn’t stop them. Last reason, they had the desire to contribute in their societies.Helping your country and participating in the development something you will never forget it no matter how long you lived and it is a legacy and honoring achievement will be added to their career life. Such as, Bill Gates invented a program that most of the globe uses, in houses, schools and companies. The same happened with Steve jobs and his contribution in his society when he made ‘Apple’ products. These kinds of invention will put them in their countries best inventors list and not just there but on the world list since the invention reached the globe.Their intelligence also helped them in their success in programming electr onics. Because not everyone can do it that easily, it is not just a recipe and you with follow the significant amount of ingredients and it will work, but you have to have natural skills and independent thoughts to be able to create, adjust and develop computer program. To sum up normal people might not handle the pressure and the difficulty that they will face. Moreover normal people will usually have normal intelligence so that is another point we shouldn’t overlook.On the other hand all of these millionaires are somehow Lucy; they met some people in the right time right and place this is a point that the author missed. Also their intelligence with their social circumstances participated in their success. I agree that they are a good model and people should look up to them, but we mustn’t overlook that they are courageous, passionate, never gave up and their desire to contribute in the society gained them the power and the insistence to accomplish their dream. And I said earlier they are â€Å"outliers†.

Haze: Pollution and Sophisticated Forest Clearing

The haze is a constant phenomenon faced by Malaysia and her neighbouring countries. The haze is basically pollution of atmosphere, which is clogged with pollutants and other substances from forest fires. The haze is a direct effect of forest fire in Kalimantan and other parts oaf Indonesia due to slash and burn method of farming. The Indonesian authorities appear to have no power to control farmers from practising such methods. The haze is further worsened by open burning practised by most Malaysians.Open-field burning of rice straw by the rice planters and open burning of dried leaves and garbage done by the public are a few examples that done by Malaysian. Many are ignorant of the health effects of open burning. During the haze, hospitals and clinic often report a dramatic increase in respiratory problems, lung infections and asthma attack. The Air Pollution Index (API) usually indicates the hazardous and dangerous levels of pollution during this period. The haze has long-term side effects. Prolonged inhalation of polluted air will result in serious lung infection which particularly affects the elderly.The government must play its role to reduce the haze treat. It has to cooperate with the Indonesian authorities to stamp out forest fires. The culprits must be brought to justice, either through healthy fine or prison sentence. Constant vigilance would ensure the perpetrators do not repeat their offence. The government should also raise the public awareness of the dangers of forest fire. Continuous campaign of the cause, solutions and steps-need-to-be-taken to reduce the haze need to be promoted through all types of social media like television, radio, newspaper and even via internet.The authorities should also provide assistance to farmers and introduce more sophisticated forest clearing methods. In Malaysia, strict laws must be imposed to penalise those who practise open burning. On-going campaigns on the dangers of open burning should be intensified. Individ uals too have a role to play. They must participate in every campaign and stop burning. Students can advise their parents not to practice open burning. Every individual has to remember that we do not own the world, but instead we lent it from our future generations. We must protect our world so that our grandchildren woulh have a healthy earth to live.

Victor: English Language and White Community

Victor's Last Wish Victor’s Last Wish â€Å"Victor’s Last Wish† is a realistic fiction by Kris Jitab who describes in depth the pain and hardship endured by the main character, Vickramadas Gopal who was an Indian immigrant to Malaysia. Vickramadas was known as Victor throughout the short story. He made great efforts to transform himself to be like whites who he thought were the best. â€Å"Anything and everything related to the whites was beautiful to Vickramadas. † The author has painted a dramatic picture of sufferings and challenges of Victor in his course to attain a new identity – an Englishman.But, his efforts did not help him to be recognised by the white men as a part of them. He was rejected by Miss Cunningham and insulted by Miss da Gama because his skin was dark in colour. He also thought that his failure to be promoted to Junior Accountant was due to his dark skin. Thus, Victor was so desperate to have his skin colour changed. He was ver y disappointed for not getting what he had striven so hard to achieve. As a result, he lost his hope and direction in his life. Consequently, he indulged in heavy smoking, drinking, gambling. At last, he became a thief to steal in order to pay his debt.In one stealing, he was caught red-handed together with his accomplices. He tried to escape but unfortunately, in his escape, he fell into a tank of formic acid where his skin was turned white all over by the acid. His wish to change his skin into white was therefore realised but ironically he had lost his life. In this paper, two concepts of post colonial theory will be involved in the discussion of several issues and concerns raised by the author. The two concepts are mimicry and othering. Mimicry is best annotated through the main character, Vickramadas in the short story.He aspired to be an Englishman. He imitated the dress, manners and language of the whites. The othering is expressed through some characters, Miss da Gama and Mis s Cunningham, who assumed that they were superior to Vickramadas who had different skin colour from them. In the short story, Kris Jitab raised a colonial ideology that white men are the best and superior through Victor. Victor who obtained his tertiary education in King George College was greatly influenced by the English. He believed that the white men were gentlemen. In the very beginning of the short story, Victor paid his full respect to Mr.Riley who was a white man. â€Å"He felt a little self-conscious-which is understandable, for he was inside the office of a white man,† indicated that Victor had a sense of inferiority in him towards the white men. When Mr. Riley pronounced his name â€Å"Vickramadas Gopal† in a way that it did not sound like Indian anymore, Vickramadas said it was very correctly pronounced. â€Å"Vickramadas beamed. He loved the way Mr. Riley pronounced his name. † He had no will to tell Mr. Riley the correct way to pronounce his name. Everything Mr. Riley did was great and correct to Victor because he was a white man.He told himself that there was no reason to doubt the white men. In firm thought that the white men were the best, Victor set out with the aims to be like the white and emulate them. The first thing he decided to do to make him similar to a white man was changing his Indian name into an English name. Name is the most basic element that can represent or symbolise one’s culture and tradition. But, Victor had ignored the importance of his name to claim himself as an Indian. He was willing to sacrifice his name in order to fit into the white community. Beside his name, he was willing to abandon his religion.He was an educated person but the educated mind of his could not help him to think rationally. He wanted to be converted to Christianity because he thought being a Christian would make him the same as the whites. He was actually using the religion as a stepping-stone to his goal. However, Victo r failed to realise that the white men would never accept him as a part of them for his skin was dark in colour. In the short story, English was viewed as an important language to success. When Malaya was colonised by the English, English language was used as medium of instruction in Education and Politic.Victor could sense a need to master the English language as he was working for the white. In order to bring about his aim to emulate the white man, Victor concluded that all he needed to pay attention to was his speech. He attempted to improve his English speaking. He eliminated his Indian ways of speaking, which were shaking head and rolling his tongue while speaking, to speak like a white man. Victor viewed English as a powerful tool for him to advance in his career. If he could speak English fluently, he would gain confidence and deserved to be respected by the others.Moreover, he knew that not all of the Englishmen spoke good English. Thus, if he could master the language, he c ould prove that he was actually better than the white man. He could also be a gentleman like the white man. Besides the language, Victor also followed the ways the white men dress and dine. He was now a chameleon that had transformed his outward appearance to adapt himself to the white man’s lifestyle and culture. He was in an illusion that he was a white man when he spoke, dressed and dined like a white man. He refused to admit that he was an Indian anymore. I’m a Christian† is Victor’s answer to the question, â€Å"what are you? † which was asked by his acquaintance. He even behaved like a white man and started to correct others who were not behaving like him. For instance, when his friends did not eat their soup properly like gentlemen, he volunteered to give advices to them on how to eat the soup. â€Å"First of all, you shouldn’t slurp† and next â€Å"You hold your bowl by the edge facing you, and as you spoon your soup move your spoon away from you. † Author also indicates that pursuing one’s dream blindly will cause one to lose himself or herself gradually.Victor who was too possessed with his quest to attain a new identity lost himself as the story progresses. The rejection of the white man towards Victor to be part of them forced him to wander and seek companionship among the tappers as well as others outside the estate. He had tried so hard to improve his English and behave like a white man but now he had to go down to the tappers’ level, speak their kind of language and indulge in the type of activities that they preferred. He was repeating the action that he did to adapt himself to the white community.He was confused and led a strange dual-role life. His mind was in turmoil. He did not know where he was heading towards. Initially, Victor was a happy person. He thanked all his Hindu Gods for helping him to get the job. But he changed when he failed twice to be promoted to Junior Ac countant. He lost all his will to strive anymore. He even cursed the Almighty for failing him to achieve his ultimate goal-marrying Miss Cunningham. All his unfulfilled desires caused him to lose his own personality. At the end of the short story, Victor totally changed.He indulged in smoking, drinking, gambling and even stealing from his own company. Victor used to believe that â€Å"the white men are gentlemen† in the beginning of the short story. This perspective of his changed. His respect towards the white men also deteriorated when he received unfair treatment from them. Mr. Hemming had promised to promote Victor to Junior Accountant after Mr. George left the post. But, this promise had made to be broken when Mr. Gross came to replace Mr. George as the Junior Accountant. After this incident, Victor stopped to admire the white men.He started to not dress like a white man anymore. He even talked harshly to Mr. Hemming who asked about his new mode of dressing. â€Å"What happened to all your white clothes? † â€Å"I shoved them all up my arsehole. † Victor no longer treated Mr. Hemming, a white man, as a gentleman. He had lost his desire to be an Englishman as he abandoned their dress and manners of speech. From the main character, Victor, the author tried to tell the readers that humans have limited ability. There is something which is out of our control. For an example, we are unable to change other people’s perspective on us.Though Victor had tried his very best to speak, dress and behave like a white man, the white men’s perspective on him remained unchanged. They still saw Victor as an inferior whose skin was dark in colour. Miss Cunnigham could not accept Victor’s proposal for he had dark colour skin. Victor was so frustrated when Miss da Gama insulted him as a stinking â€Å"black ape†. His anger caused him to slap Miss da Gama. Consequently, he was beaten up by the white men. No white man or any Euras ian club members was willing to stand at the same side as Victor.All the white men formed a judgement that Victor was wrong. Victor was perceived as an inferior who had no right to fight back. This caused Victor to feel so helpless. He understood that he would never be accepted as a part of white men despite his great effort. He had sacrificed most of his time and money in order to get the membership of the Eurasian Club. But, the membership had been revoked due to a single deed, which was fighting back after he was insulted badly. Lastly, minority groups of any community will suffer from indiscernible oppression.In the short story, Victor felt that he had been oppressed. He had not been upgraded for ages although he performed pretty well in his job. When he entered the company- Hancock Doherty Plantation, Mr. Hemming told him that the company rewarded capable staff and virtually the sky was the limit. But Victor discovered that it was not true. Two raw white men instead of Victor, who was more experienced, were promoted to Junior Accountant before him caused him to be subjected to unfairness. â€Å"The sky’s the limit† was now a lie to him. In his opinion, his dark skin was the limitation in his career advancement.In â€Å"Victor’s Last Wish†, the main character, Victor had put in his full effort to transform himself to be like the whites who he perceived as superiors. He imitated the whites’ language, dress and manners. Unfortunately, his efforts to transform himself were not recognised by the white men. He was still perceived as a dark skin Indian who was inferior to the white men. Victor was so disappointed for not getting what he had striven so hard to achieve. He had abandoned his culture and religion to adapt himself to the white community but he received nothing in return.He was oppressed and discriminated by the white men due to his dark skin. Finally, Victor lost himself and indulged in sins as well as crimes. At th e end of the story, Victor’s wish to have his skin colour changed was realised when he fell into a tank of formic acid. But, ironically he had lost his life. The sense of inferiority in Victor had urged him to transform himself to be like his superiors. Unfortunately, he lost himself and his own identity in the process of transforming. It is not worth to sacrifice our own self and identity to achieve something that will never belongs to us.

Marketing strategy for managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing strategy for managers - Essay Example Based on these factors a manager can decide how much to spend on advertisements, what values to promote and what kind of media to select for display of advertisements. Direct marketing which means non-existence of intermediaries between the manufacturer and the customer is another effective way of communicating value with the customers. Analyzing consumer markets Only by a thorough understanding of consumers can enable companies to ensure that â€Å"right products are marketed to the right consumers in the right way† (Kotler & Keller, 2012, p.151). The cultural and social background of consumers affects their buying patterns. The marketing manager needs to study the four major psychological processes like â€Å"motivation, perception, learning and memory† (Kotler & Keller, 2012, p.160) as these affect the behaviour of the consumers towards the market. Building strong brands A strong brand can be created by â€Å"careful planning and a deep long term commitment† ( Kotler & Keller, 2012, p.241). I feel a branded product or service creates a certain amount of trust among the consumers and in the modern day fast life brands enable consumers to easily identify a product thereby simplifying their decision making process. Brands can become successful only if consumers can get satisfaction from â€Å"past experiences with the product† (Kotler & Keller, 2012, p.242). This can happen only if a branded product can satisfy the needs of consumers and it maintains consistency with the messages provided through advertisements. I believe it is the job of the marketing manager to assess the likes and dislikes of the consumers regarding the brand and accordingly make improvements on the branded products or services. In... The essay demonstrates that the ability of a firm in establishing a profitable customer base and relationship highly depends upon the marketing manager. The contribution of the marketing manager in the success of the business in due course of time enhances the personal perspectives as well. Development of the buyer-seller relationship enhances dynamically and this takes place through the generation of linkages and relationships with entities of the external marketplace especially between the channels and that of the end users. Strategy enhancement is another dimension that develops as a personal perspective. The lifetime value of a customer can be said to be a driver that helps in the determination of the quantity of resources that a firm generally invests in a particular relationship. The mangers with their developed strategies attract the potential customers and maximize their investment in valuable resources along with the minimization in the non valuable investments. Individual c apabilities develop with time and the representation focuses towards a hardcore customer centric approach leading to the optimal fulfillment of their demands. The development of knowledge and that of the management of interaction is a kind of technology development and can be regarded as a key resource for the establishment of a long term and profitable customer relationship. A perfect blend of sales, marketing and that of service information system will act as a key variable in the development of robust paratnership with the customers.

BPR and SCM Relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

BPR and SCM Relationship - Essay Example Business process re-engineering (BPR) is applied at the local, managerial, and corporate levels of the business. This concept has a significant impact on the various phases of the business process, where the changes that occur can be related to the flow of information and products (Desel & Erwin, 2000). BPR is used in SCM to renovate the managed and integrated processes that create a capable and viable business environment (Chan and Qi 2003). The crucial tenants of BPR is that it reduces tension between inter-organisational departments and business partners, particularly when the there is friction within the SC process (McCormack & Johnson, 2000). Business process re-engineering, specifically related to the main focus of technology and communication in supply chain management includes: (1)Further integration of activities between suppliers and customers across the entire supply chain;(2) on-going changes in supply chain needs and required flexibility from IT; (3) more mass customization of products and services leading to increasing assortments while decreasing cycle times and inventories; (4) the locus of the driver's seat of the entire supply chain and (5) supply chains consisting of several independent enterprises (Akkermans et al p 284 2003). The benefits of using the BPR concept to promote SCM needs are that it connects information management (McCormack & Johnson, 2000); promotes cost saving activities through efficiency and communication (Horvath, 2001), and reduces financial risk in unsuccessful supply chains (Cross 2000). Based on the above relationship between SCM and BPR, this essay will critically examine the use of both concepts in the airline and automotive manufacturing industries. The analysis focuses on the changes initiated that use (or do not use) BPR concepts as well as the manners in which SCM is (or is not) integrated into the business process. The analysis will examine what strategies are employed and their viability, with a final conclusion leading towards the similarities and differences of the selected industries through BPR and SCM. Airline Industry The value chain of airline industries (Kearney pp 3 2003) shows that the airline manufacturer exists beneath the scope of government and other regulatory boards. Airline Value Chain (Kearney pp 3 2003) Paul Brinkley, head of the U.S. Defence Department's Business Transformation Agency, says the agency is committed to making business modernisation improvements every six months for the next 10 years (Aviation Week & Space Technology p 19 2006). This is supported by Kenneth Miller, senior advisor to Air Force Secretary Michael Wynne, where the focus on modernisation and innovation stems from "acquisition, governance and transparency" (Aviation Week & Space Technology p 19 2006). This creates further pressure on the prime manufacturer who operates beneath the scope of the government regulatory boards and must develop technologies that are at once transparent and governed. The customer, suppliers and distributor are subjected to the rules of these regulations. The pressure can be seen as negative for the airline industry,

CRJ311 Week 2 journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CRJ311 Week 2 journal - Essay Example These nurses pose a unique quality of understanding the physical, emotional and mental pain that the assaulted individuals go through and help obtain their justice in the judiciary. An excellent SANE employee poses a good characteristic of listening and understanding of the clients. Many a time, individuals like to be listened to while stating their predicament to the helping hand because it offers a psychological therapy in the end. Empathy is very imperative while dealing with the sexually assaulted victims since it makes the care provider try to feel the torments faced by the victim (Campbell et al., 2007). Critical thinking is one of the forensic qualities that an individual should poses while handling any forensic case. This is because it helps an individual think broadly to obtain the cause, hidden evidence and any other leads that can help in prosecuting the case. In essence, all the forensic personnel in all the fields should possess the ability of in depth reasoning as this helps in logical analysis of assaults (Du Mont & Parnis, 2003). One major quality I can borrow from SANE is their way of trying to identify what may have compelled the accused to perform a sexual assault. In most traditional forensic investigations, the investigators are usually interested to know and proof who did the act, but not the reason an individual did it. Therefore, looking at the circumstances that led to the accused to do the act can help in preparing preventive mechanism to alleviate such barbaric acts. Campbell, R., Long, S. M., Townsend, S. M., Kinnison, K. E., Pulley, E. M., Adames, S. B., & Wasco, S. M. (2007). Sexual assault nurse examiners’ experiences providing expert witness court testimony. Journal of Forensic Nursing, 3,

Q8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Q8 - Essay Example e effective in achieving the desired objectives of effectiveness; rather resolving a conflict at the organizational level where the knowledge to address the conflict is available, is likely to be more effective. In order to address the performance issues and large costs associated with reforming and refining systems development projects, a study carried out by Patnayakuni et al (2006) proposes a knowledge management system perspective in order to manage both tacit and explicit knowledge in the process of systems development. Supply chain management and inter-organisational system development techniques have also been used by large companies in order to develop their efficiency. Assessing the same techniques in the case of small and medium sized enterprises however, Morrell and Ezingeard (2002) have concluded that while such enterprises may gain significant benefits through the application of supply chain management and inter-organizational system development techniques, in practice they do not do so because there is a culturally rooted lack of vision and awareness, which are limiting the extent to which such techniques are applied and benefits realized. These methods may nevertheless offer excellent opportunities to develop efficient methods to improve inter organizational performance. The most important aspect however, would be to develop effective systems of knowledge management. The major objective would be to keep department leaders apprised of developments occurring within the organization. As Patnayukuni et al (2006) have highlighted, this would involve the effective use of both tacit and explicit knowledge, but more importantly, ensuring that department heads are able to gain access to and be aware of such knowledge through the development of an effective system to communicate information to all department heads. It is effective integration within an organization that is therefore likely to be beneficial in the adoption of a corporate wide system for

Project management for business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Project management for business - Essay Example The success of the project was also underpinned by building effective control systems which included email, shared servers and interfaces that facilitated better discourse between project members. Such systems also created opportunities for routine data collection and analysis, further underpinning success in decision-making in terms of cost control and resource allocation. Planning and monitoring as strategies of Arup were the most instrumental in ensuring that the project achieved its objectives, which is supported by best practice literature in project management. This report highlights how planning and development of monitoring and control systems best served meeting budgetary and timeline expectations for closure of the Water Cube project. In preparation for the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Arup Project Management was heavily involved in the construction and design of the Water Cube Aquatic Centre, a highly successful project. What made this project so significantly triumphant was proper planning and establishment of relevant monitoring and control systems. Outside of the physical and functional features of the Water Cube, in relation to architectural design, Arup’s involvement in planning the proper team, developing effective organisational hierarchies, and ensuring that project outcomes were achieved underpinned Arup’s success in this project. This report evaluates why Arup’s planning, monitoring and control systems contributed to achieving successful project objectives. The Water Cube Project entailed construction of a revolutionary aquatic centre in Beijing which would facilitate aquatic competitions for the Games. The centre was to be constructed to sustain a competition pool, a warm-up pool for competitors, and a relevant diving pool. For the purpose of the Games, the centre was to be constructed with 17,000 spectator seats and, after the Games, be reduced

Critical Review and Application in HP Company Essay

Critical Review and Application in HP Company - Essay Example In their efforts to diagnose an organisation, diagnosticians view an organization as an open system that comprises of input, outputs as well as throughputs. Argyris (1970) argues that key the importance of organizational model includes understanding of an organizational behavior, interpretation of the data that relate to an organisation, interpretation of the data and provision of understandable language. This paper seeks to analyze various diagnoses models and determine the most appropriate model that makes HP Company to have a competitive edge in the technology industry. Force Field Analysis Force Field Analysis was developed by Kurt Lewin with an aim of analyzing and managing problems that faces an organisation. According to this model, there exist forces that stimulate changes within a firm and restraining forces such as poor morale and limited resources that acts as obstacles to change. To understand the problems that face a company, the management must first identify and define the restricting and driving forces. This is followed by planning the goals that are effective in pushing the equilibrium of an organisation towards achieving the desired goals. According to Beer and Spector (1993), one of the major objectives of the Force Field Analysis is to achieve a state of equilibrium by eliminating the restraining forces as well as by adding the appropriate driving forces. Being based upon the change process, Force Field Analysis assumes that within a dynamic company the changes occur simultaneously. Leavitt’s Model Leavitt’s Model was developed in 1965 by Lewin. Being a simple model that is appropriate to deal with problems that face organisations, Leavitt’s Model specify various models that a firm can adopt rather than the driving forces that are adopted by the Force Field Analysis. Major variables emulated by Leavitt’s Model include human variables, task variables, technological variables and structure variables. Bollen and Long (1993) stipulates that key aspects that make up the structure variable include communication system, work flow within a firm as well as authority systems. According to this model, effective collaboration of all the systems within an organization is a vital aspect that ensures all the problems facing an organisation are effectively addressed. This model depicts that the major technological variables includes the machinery and equipments used by the task variable. On the other hand, task variables include all the activities and subtasks adopted during the provision of goods and services. Human variables encompass all the human resources that are involved during in undertaking various activities in order to achieve the organizational objectives (Emery and Trist, 1965). According to Leavitt’s Models, the interdependence of all the variables is imperative to achieve the desired change. This means that a change in one of the variables generate an impact on the entire model. For in stance, if a new technology is introduced in an organisation, the quality of the products and services that make up the task variables is improved. In the same way, human resources will be motivated due to the improved communication within and outside the organisation. Basically, any improvement in the technology will positively impact on the ent

Long period of time Essay Example for Free

Long period of time Essay I was lucky to interview someone from the RTW Garments industry and whose day seems endless from deadlines and fast phased fashion trends to chase. He is Mr. Dave Smith. He graduated in an art school, majored in advertising and decided to pursue Graphics artistry as a career. What do you like/best worst about your job/work? What I really love about this job is the access you get to the latest trends in graphic designs and the fashion shows that only few famous people that works in the industry knows of until it hits the magazine stands sort of a VIP pass. Well, developing new trends is also one of those and also seeing other people buying and appreciating your work would be the most rewarding thing that can happen. Well, the worst would be getting your most loved works be rejected for its not in season, its out of budget or for some insane random reason they have up their sleeves. Office politics sometimes kicks-in too but that’s another thing. What are the steps necessary to break into the field? It was hard at first breaking into the industry when you want to make it big as a fresh graduate. The worst part about it was, the companies taking advantage of your status. I experienced being paid below minimum wage for quite some time, and all that you’re left to do is be patient and gain experience from all of it. But with my goal at an aim on my mind, I’m now in one of the leading brand there is in this industry. The basic would be getting to know what software to use and why. Some of it is Photoshop, Corel, Illustrator and Freehand. Another investment that you must have is a quirky imagination to stand out and create something new. If you don’t have it, you must know the latest trend there is and what sells in the market, have a market survey and what appeals most of your target market. Browsing through magazines and the internet is a must to survive, for it helps you formulate what other possibilities there is in a particular design/look you want to achieve. There’s also the printing aspect of it, which a graphic artist must also be armed with. So that you’ll know or have a peek of the end result of the artwork you did. It’s definitely a plus if you know at least some of it. What is a typical day like for you? A typical day for me would be buried in the computer for a long period of time. As in long, until I can dig a hole in my chair at the office. Its either you search for references for whatever seasoned collection your boss wants you to do, what your mind ticked you to do, or you’re doing promotional item before you knew it. Well, in the place I work in I never had a single day without having a new assignment to work on. What are some related occupations to your profession? As a graphic artist, you can choose which field to specialize in. You can be in the garments, in a printing company, product development division, as photo editor, as a company’s only graphics artist who’ll do their collaterals. There are really so many job opportunities as a graphic artist, as long as it involves photo editing and vectors. Do you see yourself doing the same job till you get older? Yes I do see myself being in the business till I age. I mean, it pays well to people who are experienced, who perseveres and also as long as I feel that being a Graphic artist fulfill my purpose. One thing more, if you really enjoy what you are doing you, you felt the fulfillment in every thing that you do, definitely you will stay on the job your in. What made you decide to pursue this profession? I decided to pursue this because it makes me feel accomplished as an artist, as a designer, as a human being who appreciates art, it makes me feel happy that at the end of the day I know I can make someone feel confident, happy, at-home with their statement with my designs. It’s like I liberated someone from being a fashion victim, because I care for what other people look like, and because its feels great to lift someone up in a different way. I do believe that Fashion is good for the soul every once in a while. A boost of confidence one design might give, getting your message across through the artworks’ you did. It’s all worth-it even though the deadlines are next to impossible sometimes, and the revisions are inevitable, but still I have to go up there because I know in my own way I’m helping other people feel good about themselves. After this interview I had, I have a deeper reason why I should pursue to be a Graphic artist. With all the things my interviewee mentioned, I have a deeper knowledge and appreciation of who I want to be. Whether what field of graphics designing I want to concentrate on. There are really so many choices. I’m sure I can pick out something that I like among it. I know it will take me a lot of hard work, patience, and determination to be able to achieve my goals. In addition to that the job also pays well, I don’t mind being in front of the PC for such a long time, as long as I know that I can express my ideas and thoughts very well thorough the means of designing and I have to agree also with what Mr. Smith told me, that it feels great to make someone better through your work, and that’s really fulfilling as an artist.

Globalization A Boon Or A Curse Developing Countries Economics Essay

Globalization A Boon Or A Curse Developing Countries Economics Essay What is Globalization? At an economic level Globalization is the process denationalization of markets. In much simpler words it integration of an economy to the world economy. Globalization theoretically is an economic phenomenon, but it has its impact can be felt on all fields of human life. Also Globalisation has helped developed countries by bringing in opportunities for economic development. Globalization also has helped developing countries in gaining greater access to developed countrys technology and their markets. But globalisation has its own negative impacts and challenges. Growing inequality in within and across nations, environmental problems and volatility in financial market are some of the negative impacts of globalisation. What is it that differentiates between a developed country and a developing country? Terms like rich and poor, high income and low income, industrial and agricultural etc. are also being used. The attributes that differentiate a developed country from a developing country are infrastructural development, national income, quality of life, education and health. Many of the developing nations have a very huge national income but when it comes to Per capita income they are among the lowest. Because per capita income not only depends upon the national income but also the total population of the country. Unfortunately the main characteristic of any developing nation is that they have massive population. So countries are differentiated on the basis of their per capita income because it is more feasible and easy. At the top most level are the high income countries, with per capita incomes ranging from $10,000 to $30,000. These countries have well developed infrastructure, a large urban popul ation, an educated labour force. These countries are mature and are growing at a very slow pace. Included in this category are: United States, Canada, France, Germany, United Kingdom and other members of European Union and others in the Pacific, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. These advanced countries work together in the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). In the middle there is a wide range of developing countries in terms of the World Banks Terminology, Lower middle and Upper middle income countries. Countries having per capita income ranging from $10,000 to $1000 per year. Some of these countries are making huge development and slowly approaching maturity. Most of the Asian countries fall under this category including Korea, India, Indonesia and also some Latin American countries like Brazil, Argentina, Mexico etc. Most of the countries which fall under this category lack enough infrastructural facilities and education. Many of these countries are on the path of industrialization and most of them are labour intensive industries. On the other hand many of them still have large number of population living the rural areas where it is underdeveloped. Finally, there are the very poor countries, with per capita incomes of less than $755. Countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union that have been in the process of transition from Soviet-style command economies to the free market. These countries have substantial industries and had attained a middle income living standard. STANDPOINT PROPOSITION I feel that Globalization is without doubt a boon for the developing nation. It is considered to be one of the most successful prosperity and anti-poverty movement in modern era. With the help of Globalization developing countries are able to reap the benefits of current technology; which will result in production of better quality products. This doesnt mean that globalization does not have any negative effects. Globalization can also cause some serious problems like brain-drain, outsourcing, environmental issues etc. It also has an adverse effect on the local industries as they cannot compete against foreign multinational companies. But even if globalization has these negative impacts, it was a great opportunity for the developing nations to rise through increased foreign trade and Investments. Openness to trade, factor flows, ideas and information have powerfully stimulated progress, economic and political. Because of globalization the earth has become more flatter, faster and more fashionable. But there are people who believe that globalization can bring only harm to developing nations. They argue that globalization has been implemented in order to exploit the developing countries resources and labour force. But when we consider the gains or benefits of globalization we can find out that globalization has brought in more good than bad of the developing countries. ANNOTATION 1 Kotilainen, M., Kaitila, V. (2003).Economic Globalization in Developed Countries. Paper prepared for the Ministry Of Foreign Affairs, Finland. This paper analyses Economic Globalization from the point of view of the Developing countries. Also an analysis of Globalization in its different forms, with an focus on the economic impact on developing countries. The paper clearly defines Globalization and also elaborates on development and history of Globalization i.e. the Different Waves of Globalization. The Paper deals with economic impact of globalization on developing countries. The paper also discusses the development and history of Globalization. The World Bank classifies the development of Globalization as follows: The First wave of globalization: 1870 1914. The retreat into nationalism: 1914 1945, The second wave of globalization: 1945 1980, and The new wave of globalization: 1980 present. The paper has also explained in detail how Globalization affects the developing countries. Almost all the areas that can be affected by globalization have been included, they are as follows: Foreign Trade: Ultimate aim of every developing nation is to increase their exports. Developing countries specialise in the production of some goods and import others which help to lower cost. And import liberalisation facilitates this. Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) has forced developed countries to give preferential transaction with the developing nations. The concept of Everything but Arms is an example of further steps taken in liberalisation of import/export policy by the developed countries. In order for the developing countries to increase their foreign trade the developed countries should open up their economy. But there is one problem that the developing countries face that is the price of their products are typically very volatile in the world market. Developing countries have made significant growth in foreign within the past three decades. Foreign Direct Investment: Foreign Direct Investment is welcomed everywhere especially in developing countries, as it provides external resources in the form of capital that support the economic development of the developing country. Problem arises only if the government does not have any control over the its flow. The liberalisation policy taken up by countries has a direct impact on the FDI inflows. When we compare the countries in South Asia and East Africa, South African countries have more economic freedom, because its being liberalised than the other. So these countries attract more FDI inflows than their counterpart South Asia. From this we can understand Structural Reforms is an important factor in advancing economic growth. International Migration: The paper explains that the way developed countries view international migration is completely different from that of developing nation. In developing countries where population growth is fast and unemployment is high, where people cannot find job easily in their home country. This leads to more liberal migration policy in these countries. The ageing of the population in the developed countries will, however make the migration policy of the developed countries slightly more liberal in the future. Foreign Borrowing and Lending: The problem with developing countries is that they borrow too much from other countries and institutions. They prefer more debt relief than what has been agreed up on. According to the developed countries and financial institutions, there are mainly three problems that hinder lending: The immediate economic loss, the risk of moral hazard in borrowing over the longer term and the internal problem existing within the nation. In the future foreign borrowing will only take place if the developing countries have sufficient repayment capacity. Foreign Aid: The paper identifies foreign aid as an area which can be affected by globalization. Foreign aid consumes a major portion of a countrys development expenditure. The future of economic growth depends on the funds allocated and on the priorities of the developed countries. Macroeconomic Integration: International institutions like the IMF and the World Bank, are often criticised for limiting the sovereignty of policy makers in the developing countries. The lack of interdependence in macroeconomic policies is, a major characteristic of a globalised world. In order avoid macroeconomic instability the developing nations must liberalise their short-term capital movements. The Paper also discusses the other areas where globalization has some impact, they are: General politics, the Social structure, the labour market, social policy, education, culture, religion and the environment. In these fields, however, globalization does not necessarily determine a certain outcome. The paper clearly states that globalization is indeed a boon for developing countries. Globalization helps in foreign trade, attract foreign investment, international migration etc. The countries need to open up their economy in order to use the opportunity for the development of the economy. ANNOTATION 2 Stallings, B. (2000). Globalization and Liberalization: A View from the Developing. Prepared for U.N. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. The paper mainly deals with the Macroeconomics of Globalization i.e. Trade and Finance. It also draws a distinction between Globalization and Liberalisation. The paper clearly identifies the quantitative importance and the qualitative characteristics of developing countries in the expanding trade and financial flows of the 1980s and 1990s. The author takes the example of Latin American countries to depict the effects of globalization on Developing countries. The paper summarizes both the advantages and disadvantages of being part of a globalized world and suggesting some ideas about how to emphasize the former while minimizing the latter. The paper explains how Globalization has influenced the imports and exports made by developing countries. In terms of world imports, developing countries share fell slightly during the 1980s and then started increasing steadily by the late 1990s. A similar situation was found with exports from developing countries to the world although the trend is more pronounced. It is also important to note that trade flows in general rose rapidly in this period, nearly tripling in nominal terms. Another way of thinking about the rising importance of trade is to look at trade as a share of countries own output, i.e., the change in export and import coefficients. The paper also discusses the effects of Globalization on Latin American countries. The main message that comes across is that globalization and liberalization have increased heterogeneity across countries, sectors, and types of firms. Some have been able to take advantage of new opportunities, while others have only encountered more obstacles. Especially large differences were found with respect to productivity, which may imply continued differentiation in the future. For countries that improved their performance, foreign capital played a major role. FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) in particular contributed to increased investment, both in tradeable and in the services sector. Trade Liberalisation and Privatisation also played a vital role in this drastic change. The paper also stresses that not all of these changes can be attributed to globalization. Liberalization, as reflected in domestic policy changes, was at least as important. The key point to emphasize is the close interrelationship between globalization and liberalization in determining performance outcomes, both faster growth and increased heterogeneity. Finally the paper discusses the Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization on the developing countries. One of the positive aspects is that there has been an additional amount of external finance available to developing countries. In addition, an increasing share of the new funds has consisted of foreign direct investment that is currently highly valued by the governments of most developing countries. Moreover, such investment tends to embody new technologies that increase the productivity and, thus, the competitiveness of developing countries. The argument is that capital markets may actually contribute to democracy by dismantling oligopolistic corporate structures in developing countries, and that the demand for additional information on the part of foreign investors (and the IMF) may increase private and public-sector transparency. The paper also identifies some serious problems that are being caused. One such problem is the increase in heterogeneity or polarization across regions and countries and also within countries (firms, regions, and groups of workers). Some who are much more able than others to take advantage of the new opportunities that globalization offer, which can lead to increased social and political conflicts and rejection of liberalization and globalization. Also the new capital flows have also brought some problems to Government in trying to manage their economies. Individual countries or regional groupings need to devise policies to protect themselves from the vagaries of international capital flows. The paper also suggests that policies are necessary to offset the polarization that is being exacerbated by global financial flows. These involve both social policies (especially education) and policies to assist firms that are being left behind in the increasingly competitive world. Controls on the entry of short-term capital flows during periods of strong international liquidity have proved useful in some cases. Also there is need for higher domestic savings in most developing countries to lower the need for external savings. Finally, policies are necessary to offset the polarization that is being exacerbated by global financial flows. ANNOTATION 3 Goyal, K. (2006).Impact of Globalization on Developing Countries (With Special Reference To India).   This paper explores the process of Globalization and Liberalization in developing countries. The paper explains in detail the effects of globalization on developing countries by taking the example of India, which is considered to be one of the fastest growing economies in the world. Most part of the paper discusses on how or what lead India to open up her economy and also the different impacts of globalization. India opened up the economy as an attempt to climb out of a major financial crisis which led to a foreign exchange crunch that nearly took India to situation where it could not pay off its debt. India responded to this by initiating number of Domestic and foreign policies which was formulated to tackle the short-term as well as long-term problems. Major Reform measures that were taken as a step towards Globalization are as follows: In July 1991 India was under a major financial crisis, the foreign currency reserves had plummeted to almost $1 Billion; Inflation rose to an annual rate of 17 percent; fiscal deficit was very high; foreign investors and NRIs had lost confidence in Indian Economy. India was not the only country that initiated these policies, many countries underwent the same changes at the very same time; most of them where countries of South East Asia, Latin America, Western and Eastern Europe. These economic changes initiated by these countries were inevitable as it was their last resort. Major policies brought in as part of liberalisation and globalisation was: Devaluation of currency, Disinvestment, Allowing Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Removal of quantitative restriction on imports, Reduction in import/export tariffs and wide range of financial sector reforms. The paper also discusses on Impacts of Globalization on Developing countries especially India. Globalization has intensified interdependence and competition between economies in the world market. These economic reforms have yielded the following significant benefits: Indian economy greatly benefited from the process of globalization. Indias annual growth rate was just 3% in the 1970s which was far less than that of Brazil, Korea and Mexico. Also Indias average growth rate doubled in eighties to around 5.9% which was still lower than many of the developing countries. Globalization helped in increasing the growth rate substantially and also improves Indias position globally. These are some notable changes due to globalization: Foreign Direct Investment: FDI soared from around US$100 million in 1991 to USD around 5536 million in 2004-5. Foreign Trade (Export Import): There was increase was substantial increase in the amount of imports made by India; i.e. from USD $79 in 2003 to USD$107. Not only imports exports also increased by around 24% as compared to previous years. Oil imports rose by 19 percent with the import bill being US $ 29.08 billion against USD 20.59 billion in the corresponding period last year. Non-oil imports during 2004-05 are estimated at USD 77.036 billion, which is 33.62 percent higher than previous years imports of US $ 57.651 billion in 2003-04. Thus we can find out that the economic reforms in the Indian economy initiated since July 1991 has brought about significant changes in Indian economy like greater investment, higher growth rate, increase in foreign exchange reserve and technological development. This has helped the Indian economy to grow at a much faster pace. A Comparison with Other Developing Countries When it comes to global trade There has been increase in merchandise export made by India; i.e. from .05% to .07% over the past 20 years. At the same period Chinas share has tripled to almost 4%. Indias share of global trade is similar to that of the Philippines an economy that is 6 times smaller IMF Over the past decade FDI flows into India have averaged around 0.5% of GDP against 5% for China and 5.5% for Brazil. FDI inflows to China now exceed US $ 50 billion annually. It is only US $ 4billion in the case of India. Even though the paper concentrates mainly on the impact of globalisation on India, the story is somewhat same for other developing countries as well. Countries like Brazil, China, and Philippines have all gone through the same situation what India has experienced. According to various studies made by economic experts India and China will rule the 21st Century. And also India is the fourth largest economy in terms of purchasing power parity, and may even overtake Japan within 10 years. ANNOTATION 4 Mostert, J. (2003). The Impact of Globalisation on Developing Countries.  Prepared forESSA conference The paper deals with some of the main issue of globalization with respect to developing countries like impact of globalization on unemployment, distribution of income and also the sovereignty of the nation. The high integration of the world economy provides ample opportunities for developing nation to grow and prosper, increase their standard of living but there are some risks associated with the process of globalization. The paper also gives an insight on difference between Globalization and Regionalisation. Regionalisation is integration of different countries of a similar region. Regionalisation is somewhat similar to Economic integration. Globalisation is indeed an extension of regionalisation as it integrates not only countries of a particular region but also the different regional blocks. Impact of Globalization on World Trade According to the paper globalization process not only increased the wealth of developed country but also decreased the poverty level of developing nations. The improvement in economic growth in the Asian countries led to a reduction in the skewed distribution of income between developed and developing countries. Despite all this positive impact many countries who are not a part of international trade are still in poverty, so it is a major challenge to incorporate these countries into the international trade system. According to the paper mainly 3 regional blocks dominate the global economy; they are responsible for more than 43% of the total global transactions and around 57% of portfolio transactions. A conclusion can be drawn that the developing countries neednt get the expected advantage from the process of globalization. The impact of globalisation on the international distribution of income The paper argues that the worldwide distribution in income is still very skewed. The income gap between the countries has increased substantially since 1960 . The article states that the average GDP growth made by developed countries is much higher than that of developing nations. According to IMF when the income of richest part of the worlds population increased 6 times from 1900 to 2000; the increase in income of poorest part of the worlds population was just 3%, during the same period. According to the paper thirty developed nations that actively took part in the process of globalisation grew by 3.5% in the eighties and 5 % in the nineties. And those countries which did not actively take part in the international trading system did not realize any significant gains. Their growth was only marginal compared to those countries which actively took part in Globalization. There was in increase in level of world production and also global trade even if globalisation resulted in more skewed distribution of income between nations. The shift to integrated economy and world market provided ample opportunities for developing countries for economic growth and got chance to improve their standard of living. The impact of globalisation on unemployment The main argument that is raised by people who oppose globalization is that; globalization will lead to increased unemployment in the developing countries. Because of low wages in the developing countries they started exporting jobs to the developed countries. And when there is technological development the demand for low skilled employees will decrease. According to the IMF there has been increased unemployment because of the fact that developing nations are becoming more service oriented where there is very less demand for low skilled workers. The paper also discusses about impact of globalization on wages and labour standards. According to the author the process of globalization will lead to race to the bottom, which is resulted because countries will try and improve their competiveness by lowering wages, taxes and regulations. The author also suggest that the developing countries should improve their competitive wages as this will lead to debate on labour standards that can lead the way to the reduction of the participation of developing countries in the world economy. ANNOTATION 5 Pinelopi, K. G., Pavcnik, N. (2006).Distributional Effects of Globalization in Developing Countries. Prepared for National Science Foundation This paper mainly concentrates on Globalization and Challenges for developing countries. The paper argues that there are several key and interrelated elements to globalization and that the future gains will derive from the degree to which countries are willing to embrace them together rather than in a sequenced fashion. The rising flow of trade and capital has heightened the sense of vulnerability. Now production and trade is hugely dominated by transnational which use globalization to their advantage. The developing countries need to use trade to promote development. Trade enlarges the market for domestic producers, allows them to reap scale economies and force them to develop new technologies for production. Export earnings also loosen foreign exchange constraints on the economy thereby helping in expansion of other sectors. Developing countries needs to take initiative in launching new trade negotiations which could draw them into the mainstream of globalization. The danger is that if there is no initiative, the benefits of globalization will continued to be monopolized by few countries. Another major facet of globalization is the vast increase in capital flows. These flows have become a major source of investment, a route for technology transfer and an accelerator to financial deepening. The government need to formulate policies in order to control the cash flows. The paper also discusses the role of migration during the process of globalization. During the first phase of globalization, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, long distance migration paralleled trade and capital flows. In some countries, the desire on the part of young people to emigrate is the principal incentive to acquire useful skills and serves to maintain standards in segments of the educational system. In order to benefit the long-term benefits from migration countries must not only participate in the making of international institutions to manage and facilitate labour mobility but they also need to see migration as part of a larger process of opening and integrating their economies. The paper also suggests that globalization has facilitated technology transfer. Technological change has proceeded slowly in developing countries for a variety reasons. This is a major reason for slow growth and the widening gap in incomes between rich and poor countries. The blame is placed on the weaknesses of skills, the educational system, incentives, research facilities, the business culture and traditions influencing the quest for new knowledge. Adopting new technologies and pushing outward the technology frontier requires a capable research and extension infrastructure and the active involvement of the business sector. Few of the low income countries have made much headway in utilizing or extending agricultural technology by creating high quality, competitive and commercially oriented research entities. The author believes that even if globalization has the following advantages it can never be seen as the ultimate solution for development. Everything requires discipline and checks limit the negative impacts of globalization. Developing countries need to engage in active negotiations so as to integrate with the international economy on terms which will give them the best possible trading opportunities in commodities in which the enjoy comparative advantages and promise the desired level of food security ESSAY Different people have different views about Globalization, some say that globalization is a beneficial process and some who are against globalisation believe that it will only be beneficial to a specific group of countries. The essay tries to explain how globalization can affect the developing countries. Developing countries are also known as emerging economies or countries on the path to development. This essay mainly discusses about the impacts Globalization on developing nations. Globalization is an opportunity and not a threat to developing countries. The impacts of globalization can have direct or indirect effect; it is so far- reaching that nothing is being left out. Globalization has resulted in an explosive expansion in world trade. The economic integration of countries such as India, joined by China, other South-East countries, also Latin American countries has resulted in the widespread expansion of international trade. It just took 10 years for China to double its per capita income. Countries like France, Germany, and Britain took around 50 years to achieve just. The rapid expansion of foreign trade made by developing countries generated a demand for resources and energy. The so called emerging countries consume about 50% of global energy production. Emerging manufacturers have also specialised in building highly technical products that compete effectively in world markets. Around 50% of computers produced come from China. The developed countries are now in enormous pressure to compete by developing new product and methods of production to sustain them in the International market. This doesnt mean that globalisation do not have any negative impacts on developing countries. Globalization can have adverse effect on domestic industries. Domestic industries will be under mounting pressure in order to comply with international completion; their rates of unemployment may even rise. The government can play a vital role in minimising the impact on domestic industries by formulating policies and laws. The labour market is under a great deal of pressure due to globalization and requires constant adjustments and changes. Due to the abundance of low cost labour there is rising difference in personal incomes. Eve though there is unfavourable employment conditions in many developing countries; it is not because of the fact that there is a great deal of pressure on the unskilled work force due to globalization. And also advancement in the area of technology is another cause for lower demand for unskilled workers. Globalization has forced different nations to lift the migration barriers. In Europe, the European Union has opened the gates to millions of workers from formerly communist countries where labour productivity was low. Their migration usually improves working conditions in the countries. Workers should consider globalization as an opportunity to acquire knowledge in order to compete in the global economy where they have to meet global standards. Countries are now trying to concentrate on developing education and health in order to improve the quality of work force. One of the major challenges of globalization would be to integrate all sectors and countries that do not participate in the globalization process. But not all countries, sectors, or firms have access to global financial markets and services or can take advantage of the benefits induced by globalization. Conclusively, may it be developed or a developing country, Globalization can work for all. But it is not an easy task. The negative impact of globalization can be minimized by constant adjustment and control measures. Globalization is considered to be a great opportunity to prosper and develop in the internationalised world economy. Problems like inequality in income, uneven development, and outsourcing can all be controlled by proper policy actions.

Diketo Analogues and Their Significance

Diketo Analogues and Their Significance INTRODUCTION Medicinal chemistry is the branch of science, which has remarkable value for synthesis of novel drugs with intense therapeutic activity. It concerns with discovery, development, identification and interpretation of mode of action of biologically active compounds at molecular level. The molecular biological revolution and progressive mapping of human ‘genome’ have created a new biochemical and biostructural ‘world order.’1 These developments have provided new challenges and opportunities for drug research in general and drug design in particular. Pure organic compounds, natural or synthetic products are the chief source of agents for the cure, the mitigation or the prevention of disease today. The major objectives of the medicinal chemists are transformation of pathobiochemical and physiological data into a ‘chemical language’ with the aim of designing molecules interacting specifically with the derailed or degenerating processes in the diseased organisms. The development of chemotherapy during past 60 years constitute one of most important therapeutic advances in history of medicine and antimicrobial drugs are the greatest contribution of present century to therapeutics2. Potential therapeutic targets are being disclosed with increasing frequency and the exponential growth will continue during the next decades. In this situation there is a need for rapid and effective target validation and for accelerated lead discovery procedures. Organic chemists are increasingly directing their attention towards synthetic aspects of biomolecules and biologically active compounds, biosynthesized by plants and animals. Many important biochemical compounds and drugs of natural origin contain heterocyclic ring structures. Many of them are employed in treatment of many infectious diseases due to their specific activity, but their use in treatment is attributed to their inherent toxicity to various pathogens. DIKETO ANALOGUES AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE Antibacterial The quinolones3 are well known synthetic antibacterial agents with di keto moiety some examples are Ciprofloxacin (1) Norfloxacin (2). Boteva4 et al synthesized some Halogen Substituted 4,5-dibenzoyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrrole-2,3-dione derivatives (2-6) evaluated for Antibacterial Activity. Anti HIV The first report of a class of compounds that inhibit HIV integrase appeared in 1992. Aurin tricarboxylic acids and derivatives were determined to inhibit 3’ processing of viral cDNA with moderate iC50 values of 10-50micromolar. Thus the 1st pharmacophore with integrase inhibitory activity was determined i.e. aromatic rings with multiple hydroxyl substituents positioned on same ring or present close together in a 3D space if rings stack on top of each other. Since then considerable amount of work has been carried out in developing potential inhibitors of integrase taking the above compounds as leads. Presently there is only one FDA approved drug used as integrase inhibitor i.e. Raltegravir or Isentress, (7) approved in 2007. Elvitegravir (8) is another potential integrase inhibitor which is in phase III clinical trial5. THIOPHENE ANALOGS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE Thiophene (9) and its derivatives are an important class of heterocyclic compounds possessing broad biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory6, analgesic6, antioxidant7, antitubercular8, antidepressant9, sedative9, antiamoebic10, oral analgesic11, antimetabolite12, and antineoplastic properties13. Antimicrobials Thiophene analogues have been known as antibacterials. In the year 2007 Stephane et al14 reported the synthesis and antibacterial activity of arylbenzothiophenes (10) and diarylthiophenes. (11) (10) (11) In the year 2010 Kavitha P N et al15 reported the antimicrobial activity of 3- amino-2- mercapto-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo(b)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-ones (12-17) by using B. subtilus, K. pneumonia and A. niger. Desai Akshay et al16 reported the synthesis of 2-thiophene-2- ethylthioureido-4- morpholino-6-(aryl) ureido-s-triazines.(18-23) These analogs were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity using S. typhi, C. albicans. Bhuiyan Md. Mosharef Hossain et al17 reported synthesis of 4-hydrazino-2- mehylthio-5-ethyl-6- methylthieno [2,3-d] pyrimidine (24) which is evaluated as antimicrobial agent by using B.cereus, V.cholerae, A.alternate. (24) Shiradkar M. et al18 reported synthesis of N-[3-(substituted)-7H- [1,2,4] triazolo [3,4-b] [1,3,4] thiadiazine / thiadiazol-4,5,6,7- tetrahydrobenzo[b] thiophenes (25-32) as good antimicrobial agents by using E.coli, S.aureus, A.nigar. Ahmed M. M. et al19 reported synthesis of 4-(substituted)-7-cyano- 6-phenyl aminothieno [3,2-d] pyrimidins (33-34) and evaluated as good antimicrobial agents by using B.subtilis and St.aureus, compared with reference drug Amoxicillin. The 6-methyl-2-phenyl-3-(substituted)-3H-thieno[3,2-d] pyrimidin-4-ones (35-38) has been reported by Chander Mohan et al20 and evaluated for antimicrobial activity by using B. subtilis, E.coli, P.aeruginosa compared with standard drug Ciprofloxacin. Bhuiyan Md. Mosharef Hossain et al21 reported synthesis of thieno[3,2-e] imidazo[1,2-c] pyrimidin-2(3H)ones (39) which was evaluated for antimicrobial activity against B. cereus, S.typhi and A.alternatacompare to reference drugs Ampicillin with Nystatin. (39) Shetty Nitin kumar et al22 reported synthesis of 8,9,10,11-tetrahydro[1]benzothieno[3,2-e] [1,2,4]triazolo [1,5- c]pyrimidine -8-ones (40-42) and evaluated for antibacterial activity against B. subtilis comparable to ampicilin. References : Larsen PK, Liljefors T, Madsen U, editors. Text book of drug design and discovery. 3rd ed. London: Taylor Francis; 2002. Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM Pharmacology, 4th edition Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1999: 648 Wilson Gisvold, Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 10th edition, Lippincott publication Philadelpia 196-203. A.A Boteva, O. P. Krasnykh, S.S.Dubrovina, M. I. Vakhrin, E.B. Babushkina, T.F. Odegova, I.V. Solova, Pharm Chem J , 2008, 42 (8), 12-15. Vincenzo Summa AlessiaPetrocchi, Fabio Bonelli, BenedettaCrescenzi, Monica Donghi, Marco Ferrara, Fabrizio Fiore, Cristina Gardelli, Odalys Gonzalez Paz, Daria J. Hazuda, Philip Jones, Olaf Kinzel, Ralph Laufer, Edith Monteagudo, Ester Muraglia, EmanuelaNizi, Federica Orvieto, Paola Pace, Giovanna Pescatore, Rita Scarpelli, Kara Stillmock, Marc V. Witmer, and Michael Rowley, J. Med. Chem. 2008, 51, 5843–5855. F.M. Moghaddam, H.Z. Boinee, An efficient and facile one-step synthesis of highly substituted thiophenes, Tetrahedron 60 (2004) 6085-6089. K.I. Molvi, M. Mansuri, V. Sudarsanam, et al., Synthesis, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities of some tetrasubstituted thiophenes, J. Enzyme. Inhib. Med. Chem. 23 (2008) 829-838. M.K. Parai, G. Panda, V. Chaturvedi, Y.K. Manju, S. Sinha, Thiophene containing triarylmethanes as antitubercular agents, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let. 18 (2008) 289-292. W. Wardakhan, O. Abdel-Salam, G. Elmegeed, Screening for antidepressant, sedative and analgesic activities of novel fused thiophene derivatives, Acta. Pharm. 58 (2008) 1-14. S. Sharma, F. Athar, M.R. Maurya, A. Azam, Copper(II) complexes with substituted thiosemicarbazones of thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde: synthesis, characterization and antiamoebic activity against E. histolytica, Eur. J. Med. Chem. 40 (2005) 1414-1419. O. F. William, Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, 3rd. ed., Lippincott Williams Wilkins Publication, Philadelphia, 1989. A.A. Sagardoy, M. J. Gil, R. Villar, et al., Benzo[b]thiophene-6-carboxamide 1,1-dioxides: Inhibitors of human cancer cell growth at nanomolar concentrations, Bioorg. Med. Chem. 18 (2010) 5701-5707. A.A. Fadda, E. Abdel-Latif, R.E. El-Mekawy, Synthesis and molluscicidal activity of some new thiophene, thiadiazole and pyrazole derivatives, Eur. J. Med. Chem. 44 (2009) 1250-1256. Jeremie Fournier dit Chabert, Beatrice Marquez, Luc Neville, Lionel Joucla, Sylvie Broussous, Pascale Bouhours, Emilie David, Stephane Pellet Rostaing, Bernard Marquet,a Nicole Moreaub and Marc Lemairea, Synthesis and evaluation of new arylbenzo[b]thiophene and diarylthiophene derivatives as inhibitors of the NorA multidrug transporter of Staphylococcus aureus, Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry 15 (2007) 4482–4497. Kavitha PN, Vijayanthimala P, Saravanan J, Mohan S. Research Journal of Pharma- ceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2010; 1(2):124-130. Desai A, Mahajan HD, Ind Jour Chem, 2007; 46(B):1169-1173. Ahmed MM, Farha FM; Jordan Journal of Chem, 2008; 3(3):223-232. Shiradker M, Kale R. Ind Jour Chem, 2006; 46(B):1009-1013. Ahmed MM, Farha FM; Jordan Journal of Chem, 2008; 3(3):223-232. Mohan C, Bhargava G, Bedi PMS. J Life Sci, 2009; 1(2):97-101. Bhuiyan MH, Rahman KM. Acta Pharm., 2006; 56: 441-450. Nitinkumar SS, Lamani RS, Khazi IAM. Journal of Chem Sci, 2009; 121(3):301-307.

Advertising Ethics :: Article Reviews Essays

Advertising Ethics Dittrich, Liz Ph.D. â€Å"About-face Facts on the Media†. About Face. 1996-2004. This article talks about how advertising promotes the cultures current for body shape and site and the importance of beauty. It talks about women’s magazines and how they include so many adds for weight loss and how many girls own Barbie dolls. The piece also talks about how all of these adds effect people and to what extent they effect people. The author of this piece is the director of Research and Outreach for About- Face and has a doctorate in Clinical Psychology. Based on those facts alone I feel that this piece is very credible and contains truthful information. Limitations of this piece include only having one side and not pertaining specifically to ethics in advertising. I will be able to utilize this piece mostly because it contains a lot of statistics and good information to help me in the angle I am going to take on how ethics in advertising affect women. This piece is very different from all of my sources because it does not pertain quite so directly to the topic I am writing on. (190) Heller, Lleland Dr. â€Å"Advertising, Children, and Ethics.† Professional Articles. 1990 http://www.drheller.com/april01.html This article talks about psychologists helping advertising companies to help the create effective advertisements that target children. The article asks if this is ethical. Psychologists also help these companies create educational toy advertisements, anti-drug advertisements, â€Å"don’t drink and drive† advertisements, etc. So the article asks if you can really separate out all of the situations and make a statement that includes all of them. The main issue the article talks about is that people feel as though psychologists own that information and can use it as they please but that that is not the case at all. The article says that ultimately parents should be trained and able to say no because after all it is there responsibility. This piece is written by a doctor who seems to be well-know and who has treated a lot of patients. Dr. Leland Heller is the author of 2 books, specializes in treating the borderline personality disorder and has treated over 3000 peo ple with this disorder. The intended audience of this piece is people who are accusing psychologist of using there knowledge unethically by giving it to advertisement companies and others who may be interested in the topic.

The Use of Soma to Shape and Control Society in Huxleys Brave New Worl

The Use of Soma to Shape and Control Society in Huxley's Brave New World The future of the world is a place of thriving commerce and stability. Safety and happiness are at an all-time high, and no one suffers from depression or any other mental disorders. There are no more wars, as peace and harmony spread to almost every corner of the world. There is no sickness, and people are predestined to be happy and content in their social class. But if anything wrong accidentally occurs, there is a simple solution to the problem, which is soma. The use of soma totally shapes and controls the utopian society described in Huxley's novel Brave New World as well as symbolize Huxley's society as a whole. This pleasure drug is the answer to all of life's little mishaps and also serves as an escape as well as entertainment. The people of this futuristic society use it in every aspect of their lives and depend on it for very many reasons. Although this drug appears to be an escape on the surface, soma is truly a control device used by the government to keep everyone ensla ved in set positions. In the utopian society Huxley creates, everything is artificial. The future of the world depends merely on a handful of directors, and everyone else is simply created as a pawn to maintain this futuristic economy. One of the ten world controllers in the "Brave New World" portrayed in the novel is Mustapha Mond. Mustapha is a driving force behind the utopian society that keeps everyone happy, yet empty inside at the same time. In fact, Mustahpa Mond has been interpreted to mean "the chosen one," for he is like a God to the people (McGiveron 29). People are created in laboratories such as the "Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre," where peo... ... through life without ever truly having to face reality or make logical decisions. Soma symbolizes and shapes many parts of society and is arguably the main symbol in Huxley's satirical masterpiece. The truth is that this utopian society is synthetic and massed produced like soma, and society is cowardly while soma is a crutch to humanity. Works Cited Clareson, Thomas. "The Classic: Aldous Huxley's 'Brave New World.'" Extrapolation. 3.1 (1961): 33-40. Hoffman, Nicholas. "Huxley Vindicated." The Spectator 249.8036 (1982): 8-9. Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. New York: HarperPerennial, 1989. Jog, D.V. Aldous Huxley The Novelist. India: Book Centre, 1979. McGiveron, Rafeeq. "Huxley's 'Brave New World.'" Explicator 57.1 (1998): 27-30. Meerloo, Joost. "How Will Man Behave?" The New York Times Book Review. New York, 1958: 22-23.

What do you understand by the term ‘hegemony’?

Introduction This essay will consider the meaning of the term ‘hegemony’. It will weave personal interpretation with the academic literature, concentrating on Gramsci’s theory of cultural hegemony. Hegemony arguably originated with the Ancient Greek conception of political and military dominance (hegemonia means ‘leadership’ and ‘rule’) (Chernow and Vallasi 1994: 1215). According to the traditional conception of hegemony the ‘ruler’ (hegemon) imposes its will upon subordinate states through the exercise or threat of military power, which is then translated into political dominance (Antoniades 2008). In the modern world, this kind of hegemony has largely disappeared. The mechanisms of control now operate in civil society in more subtle forms, such as politics, ideology, and the media. This essay will discuss some interpretation of hegemony and how they relate to contemporary capitalist society. Some scholars and political commentators, suc h as the former French Minister of Foreign Affairs Hubert Vedrine, believe that the United States is currently a global hegemon due to its widespread influence in countries such as Iraq and Afghanistan. However, as realist scholars such as Mearsheimer and Nye point out, the United States has never established a system of governance in these regions (Nye 1993). This political and military hegemony has largely disappeared. In its place one might say that there is a kind of ‘cultural hegemony’. This concept was theorised in the early 19th century by the Marxist philosopher Antonio Gramsci, who argued that the capitalist state was divided into two spheres, the ‘political society’, which rules through the use of force, and the ‘civil society’, which rules through popular consent. The latter is the public realm in which people, groups, trade unions and political parties interact. In this sphere, the ruling elite reproduce their ideology in popular cu lture and thus ‘manufacture consent’ for the bourgeois domination of the proletariat (Simon 1990). Domination is not imposed by force, but rather is adopted unwittingly and under the pretense of ordinary cultural development (Simon 1990; Bullock and Trombley 1999). This theory was adapted from Marx’s analysis of the socio-economic class system (another example of a hegemonic theory), and in a sense is part of a larger set of theories hypothesising that culture, ethics, and norms arise through what Bernard Mandeville called ‘the artifice of politicians’, although Gramsci placed greater emphasis on intellectuals. Indeed, it might be fitting to suggest that scholars such as Anderson and Hobsbawm, who spoke of ‘imagined communities’ and ‘invented traditions’, respectively, are also working within an intellectual framework of cultural hegemony. However, it is important to note that these theories do not describe an exploitative, alienating relationship in the same way as cultural hegemony does. Both Gramsci’s theory of cultural hegemony and the modernist theories of nation are accurate in their analysis. Whether in the form of informal social and moral traditions transmitted from parent to child, or more structured systems conveyed through instruments such religion and law, culture is a means for the elite to control and manipulate the masses. As modernist anthropologists argue, patriotism is a particularly potent hegemonic force. Created in its present form in the 18th century by the state, today it provides justification for the foreign conflicts of the bourgeoisie. George Bush’s rhetoric related to the Iraq War (2003 – 2011) employed subjective concepts of the ‘enemy’, as well as identity terms such as ‘them’ and ‘us’, linguistic and cultural constructs designed to win over the American population. Contemporary democracy is one of the clearest f orms of cultural and political hegemony. It is an idealised political type, inculcated in the civil domain since the enlightenment, and now ‘perfected’ through universal suffrage. In Britain, politicians are almost exclusively from the middle class (usually educated at Oxford or Cambridge). Western liberal democracy is presented by the bourgeois state, operating in the civil realm, as the only viable political system. Thus the entire population willing participates in a game in which the middle class is demonstrably dominant. Cultural hegemony can be seen with more clarity by looking at contemporary capitalist media. In many cases, the International News Agencies, such as Thomson Reuters, the Associated Press, and Agence France-Presse, control the information consumed by the public from start to finish. For example, in the coverage of the Egyptian Revolution, they commissioned the citizen-journalists who captured the news and then edited the copy that was distributed to clients, all of whom operated under contracts (Macgregor 2013). As Macgregor (2013: 35) argues, the coverage of ‘any major incident in the world originates as often than not in the words, photos, audio, and raw film footage coming from three main international agencies’. The American ‘televangelist’ movement, which is broadcast on channels such as the Trinity Broadcasting Network and The God Channel (featuring popular sensations like Joel Osteen), have been effective in propagating the religious ideals of a select few to a wider population. In this way, the state can feed the population the kind of information that supports its own cultural agenda. The best examples of this, of course, come from the pages of history, as in when the Nazi regime launched a calculated propaganda campaign through posters, the development of the ‘Hitler Youth’, and other devices to convince the people of Germany to support the persecution of the Jews. It can be arg ued that in postmodern society, which is somewhat apathetic and cynical with regard to bourgeois cultural grade narratives, hegemony is less dominant. However, even here hegemonic capitalist consumerism has taken hold. The products produced by firms such as Google, Apple, and Nike provide the cultural pabulum for the people, who are controlled to an extent by corporations. The meaning of the term hegemony is really a matter of interpretation. Cultural hegemony of the Gramscian type can clearly be seen in contemporary society. Some of it manifestations are centuries old, such as patriotism and religion, while others, such as consumerism, are relatively (but not entirely) unique to modern capitalism. Ultimately, hegemony has a variety of meanings, perhaps even one for every set of social, political and cultural instruments of control. Reference list: Antoniades, A (2008) From ‘Theories of Hegemony’ to ‘Hegemony Analysis’ in International Relations Bullock, A. and Trombley, S. (1999) The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought (3rd ed.) Chernow, B. A. and Vallasi, G. A. eds. (1994) The Columbia Encyclopedia (Fifth ed.). New York: Columbia University Press Simon, R. (1990) Gramsci’s Political Thought: An Introduction, London: Lawrence & Wishart Ltd Macgregor, P. (2013) International News Agencies: Global eyes that never blink, chapter in Journalism: New Challenges (ed. Fowler-Watt, K. and Allan, S.) Centre for Journalism & Communication Research, Bournemouth University: pp. 35-63 http://microsites.bournemouth.ac.uk/cjcr/files/2013/10/JNC-2013-Chapter-3-MacGregor.pdf [Retrieved 21/02/2014] Nye, J. S. (1993) Understanding International Conflicts: An introduction to Theory and History. New York: HarperCollins

Historical Development of the 1960s Essay

Historical Development of the 1960s Introduction            Of the many historical eras, the 1960 era is regarded as one of the most controversial eras ever in the history of America. However, this was not the anticipation that most of American citizens had. At the very beginning of the 1960s, many believed that this was perhaps the most promising era yet. They even dubbed this era the golden age. The expectations of the people intensified in 1961 when John F. Kennedy took the office of the president. His charisma and enthusiasm won the hearts and trust of the American people. They strongly believed that his government would provide solutions to the major problems that they were facing at the time. However, to the surprise of many, the decade turned out to be the complete opposite of what they had expected. The president himself was assassinated, a chaotic storm characterized by protests by civil rights movements engulfed the country, and instead of the war in Vietnam coming to a halt, it intensified. This essay will strive to create an interconnection between these events which shaped up the 1960s. It will tackle incidents relating to the free speech movement, the Vietnamwar, the Black Panther Party, Rock-n-roll, and the women’s movement, also known as the feminist movement, as witnessed in this decade.            An issue that had been a thorn in the flesh of the American people was coexistence of the white Americans and the African-Americans. Though the slave trade had been abolished by this time, issues of discrimination were still rampant in society. The African Americans would hence dedicate themselves to fighting for equality for their people in this society. At the very beginning of 1960, some four black students defied the norms of society at that particular time and sat down at a white’s-only lunch counter. Their actions were succeeded by demonstrations at that counter every day, drawing the nation’s attention.            6 years down the line, the African-American community still wanted society to regard them as equal with the rest of the Americans and this led to the formation of the Black Panther Party. It was originally known as the Black panther Party of self-defense but the name changed. This party movement was however founded for the sole purpose of eradicating police brutality in African-American neighborhoods. However, with the rapid expansion of the party and the start of a publication, the objectives of the party had diversified. This diversification meant that the party was keener on social empowerment thus disregarding the exclusivity of race. This however sparked up problems within the party since the radical members differed in opinion with the members that were in support of their socialistic cause. This made the party’s political motive to be disoriented and the government at that time considered the party as a national threat.            The Black community of the United States was not the only entity that was fighting for its civil rights. Gender inequality was still a societal vice that America was struggling with. During this time, men were given more opportunities as compared to women in virtually every field and this led to the second wave of the feminist movement. The job market viewed women as the less productive species. One of the reasons why this notion was upheld was because the women needed time off when they delivered and most employers believed the assertion that women would quit their job when they got pregnant. More to this, the society had branded the man as the provider of the home. It was therefore argued that men needed jobs and better paythan women because of the fact that there were people who were dependent on them. Generally, society had defined the place of a woman as the home; whether she was educated or not.            In 1963, Betty Freidan wrote a book, The Feminine Mystique. This book highlighted the frustration of the educated housewives and how society had forcefully put them in a state of dissatisfaction. What shocked many is the fact that she defied society’s assumption that women found satisfaction in only serving their families. This book stirred a revolutionary movement, one which historians refer to as the second wave of the feminist movement. This movement saw society begin to give women more chances in schools, the job market and also in matters involving remuneration.            From the historical facts available from this era, it is evident that civil rights protests and demonstrations were the order of the day. Even students took the liberty of staging their own protests during this period. The Free Speech Movement was the name given to the protests that the students staged. This movement took place in 1964-1965 at the University of California, Berkley, when students were expressing their discontentment on the ban that the school administration had imposed on on-campus political activities. The students rationale for the protests was that this ban was infringement of their academic freedom and right to free speech. The students felt that they could do more than just confine themselves to books. The objectives of the movement had been put in place way before the movement began when students in the campus formed a political party that enabled them to get involved in off-campus political and societal issues.            The students used this platform to source funds from campus students to support civil rights causes. However, this right was exclusively granted to the political clubs in the school and this is what prompted the school to impose the ban on on-campus political activities. Though the students were doing this out of good will, society was of a contrary opinion. For this reason, voters gave the governor seat to Ronald Regan in 1966 whose campaign forte was to make good the mess that the Berkley students had made.            Events in this era were not just restricted to the local scene. The events that America was involved in during this era also crossed boarders. America had been in conflict with Vietnam since the 1950’s. With the election of J. F. Kennedy, Americans were hopeful that this conflict was finally going to come to an end following his campaign theme; his government had answers to America’s biggest problems. However, these hopes seemed to go down the drain in 1963 when Kennedy was assassinated. The hopes of the American people were now in Lyndon B. Johnson’s hands. His government had two wars to fight; the war against poverty, and the war in Vietnam.            However, Johnson had committed himself to establishing an anti-communist south-Vietnam, a trait he had inherited from his predecessors in their solidarity to the country. For this reason, he had to make a choice to forego the war on poverty to attend to the war in Vietnam. More to this, the president had gained the support of the congress and they gave him the authorization to protect the American soldiers and their allies by all means necessary. The prolongation of the war caused a divide in the nation. Some were in support of the war, others protested against the war, whereas others fled to neighboring Canada to avoid being drafted into the war.            Amidst all these events that were happening, people needed something to give them an escape from it all even if it was temporary. Entertainment was the surest way of attaining such. In this era, the most common form of entertainment was music. Rock-n-rollwas the most popular music genre at the time. The developments in this genre were referred to as invasions and were named on the basis of where they originated from. The British invasion occurred in the early 1960s. In mid 1960s, garage rock was unveiled. The genre was common in North America. The genre gained this name because it was played by armatures at the comfort of their homes in their garages. However, this genre barely made it past the 1960s as it was replaced by other genres. Conclusion            The 1960s era, as highlighted above was a rather event-full one in the American history. Though it may seem like the era did not live up to its expectation as the golden age, it can be argued that to some extent it did. This is because the events during this time acted as milestones especially with regards to civil rights issues. However, the prolongation of the war in Vietnam did injustice to the country as it caused a divide. In conclusion, the 1960s were not shy of historical events. References Fischer, Klaus P.  America in White, Black, and Gray: The Stormy 1960s. New York [u.a.: Continuum, 2006. Print. Source document