Blood Pressure & Pulse during exercise Essay

Introduction: The blood pressure of a person is the force exerted by the blood on the walls of the arteries per unit area. The blood pressure unit is mmHg. The blood pressure of an individual is expressed in two ways, the systolic (due to the contraction of the ventricle) and diastolic, (due to the relaxation of the ventricle). The normal blood pressure of an individual is 120/80 (systolic / diastolic). Various factors can alter a person’s blood pressure; this includes exercise, smoking, stress, diseases and age. Materials and Methods: Stepping stool, timer, blood pressure measurement kit (Sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope) and students in-groups of four. In each group one student acted as a patient, while the other acted as a physician or nurse. Another acted as the timekeeper. The fourth student acted as the data recorder. The base-line pulse rate and blood pressure of the patient (student) were obtained. The patient was asked to perform stepping – up and down the stool 30 X within 5 minutes. After the stepping stool exercise, the patient’s blood pressure and pulse rate were immediately obtained again. After resting for 2 minutes, the measurements were repeated and also after 5 minutes. In order to obtain more data each student in the group acted as a patient and the measurements were repeated.

My school Essay

I,________,have been a part of the _________School District my entire life. For me school has been a mixture of emotions. Some years I loved school and learning and other years I hated school and felt as if I would never amount to anything. The movie Stand and Deliver made me wonder how much better of a student I could have been if all my teachers cared as much as Mr. Escalante. In elementary school I had mixed emotions. I loved school up until about 3rd grade but then I started to hate school. It became harder for me to get good grades and I  felt dumb. Many of my teachers also had my sister, who was an A+ student so they would always make statement about how I should follow in her footsteps and such. But I was never as smart as her or good at school like she was. Once I was in the 3rd grade I began to struggle with all subjects except reading, once this struggle began I started to care less about school and grades. Middle school is where things began to turn around for me. In the 6th grade I had Mr. Pollock as one of my teachers. He was the most caring teacher I have ever had,  he showed me I could do anything I put my mind too and he pushed me to succeed the way Mr. Escalante pushed his students. In the movie Mr. Escalante says â€Å"Students will rise to the level of expectations† and this is exactly what my teacher did to me, he set the expectations high and then pushed me to exceed them. High school was another good experience. I always was a â€Å"teacher’s pet† and got good grades without really trying. I never studied while in high school and was very involved in extracurricular activities. This was good for me then but has caused me problems now. Now that I am in college and have to study and really work hard I don’t do as good as I would like. In my opinion my past schooling has set me up to fail in college. Even though I was taught the things I needed to be taught. I didn’t learn to push myself. I got by either just barely or passing with flying colors†¦ I, Thanh Nguyen, I have been grown up in Vietnam, so I went to elementary, middle, high school there. And the education is a lots harder here in States. For me school has been a mixture of emotions. Some years I loved school and learning and other years I hated school and felt as if I would never amount to anything. In elementary school I had mixed emotions. I loved school up until about 5rd grade but then I started to hate school In my opinion my past schooling has set me up to fail in college. Even though I was taught the things I needed to be taught. I didn’t learn to push myself. I got by either just barely or passing with flying colors†¦

Week 4 & 5 Discussion Assignments Please send 2 different files Assignment

Week 4 & 5 Discussion Assignments Please send 2 different files - Assignment Example By triangulating both sets of results, I hope to be able to arrive at some solidly based conclusions that are confirmed by both current research and by working professionals currently employed in government agencies. In designing this particular study, I realise that is important that my research be credible. I want readers to be able to trust that outcomes that I arrive at, which means that I am now taking the time to ensure my methodology is based on sound research principles, that the research I incorporable is both scholarly and reputable, and that the eventual participants in the survey portion of the study are truly qualified to do so. In addition, as I design the qualitative study, I will be making sure the research is transparent, reliable, and useful to both the academic and business community. To this point in my dissertation journey, I have taken all three types to research methodology courses. Given the fact that my particular research emphasis is qualitative in nature, I am please to note that I received high marks in the qualitative design course. While I did acceptably in the mixed-methods and quantitative design courses, I feel my research gifts lie a bit more in the exploratory nature that the qualitative approach offers. My desire to seek out current perception in the hiring and promotion process and determine what, if anything, should be done to increase the transparency in this area in public agencies, with a particular emphasis on the Social Security Administration. Having the ability to locate qualified individuals to provide a professional opinion on this important topic, coupled with my own interest in examining current research in this area, enables me to develop a solid qualitative framework. Moving forward, I do not feel that I need to take any further co urse in research study design, as quantitative data

International Marketing Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Marketing Strategy - Assignment Example A key issue for the company is the positioning strategy for the products; whether it should sustain the luxury image line or give in to modern design trends in order to broaden its target markets. This paper critically analyzes the influence of cultural environmental changes on Wedgwood's international marketing strategy in UK, Japan and USA. In the end, the paper summarizes a range of proposed strategies for the Wedgwood brands. Traditionally the houseware and specialties market, including the tableware market, has been characterized by slow yet steady market growth (Morgan et al, 2005). The compound annual growth rate for the market between 2000 and 2004 is 5.1% (Datamonitor, 2005). The market performance, respectively Wedgwood's sales have been driven by some strong consumer shopping preferences and spending patterns in several of the world's developed economies (Datamonitor, 2005). Internationally, Wedgwood operates in eastern (Japan) and western (Europe and USA) markets that have different cultural characteristics in terms of language, religion, and context in communications, values and many other aspects. For a product category like tableware that is culture-dependent, the socio-cultural aspects in Japan, United Kingdom and USA exercise key influence on local demand. These factors determine local branding and positioning and should guide Wedgwood in developing local marketing and communications strategies. The cultural elements that shape demand are grouped by Geert Hofstede according to five large dimensions - power distance, individualism and collectivism, masculinity and femininity, uncertainty avoidance and long versus short term orientation (Wikipedia, Geert Hofstede, 2006). All the three markets are masculine cultures (Wikidedia, Geert Hofstede, 2006), which reflects in more assertive behaviour, and visible search for achievements and self-expression (Wikipedia, Masculine and Feminine Cultures, 2006). The US market is characterized to be the most individualistic culture, whereas Japan is characterized by Hofstede as a collectivistic culture of the so called "community man" (Wikipedia, Collectivist and Individualist cultures, 2006). Still, social and economic changes in the Japanese society, "the end of guaranteed lifetime employment, [] and the loss of confidence in Government and financial institutions []" have shifted the collectivistic behaviour towards greater expressed indiv iduality and customization. What this means to Wedgwood is that it is increasingly facing similar demographic and cultural patterns on a global scale. Cultural changes are reflected in the need for self-expression, uniqueness and independence (Wikipedia, Collectivism and Individualism Cultures, 2006). Consumers look for products that closely fit their lifestyle and express their individuality better. Casual dining, frequent eating out, the decrease in importance

Discuss briefly the need for citation and referencing, and describe Essay

Discuss briefly the need for citation and referencing, and describe the main characteristics of the Harvard System of Referencing, the style favoured by this un - Essay Example Gray et al 2008, p. 114, term the use of proper use of citation and referencing as â€Å"academic integrity†. The reputation of a piece of academic work lies in proper use of citations and references. Any author has a right over the ideas and words present in their work and this right deems that it is morally important to their ideas and work are appropriately attributed, when used by others (Gray et al, 2008). When accurate citation and referencing is done it reflects the integrity of the author, for it shows that the author recognizes the sources and acknowledges these sources. This leads to the importance of referencing in letting others find the original sources used in the work (REFERENCING, 2000). This is why citations and references may be considered as signposts and acknowledgements. The signpost perspective arises from showing the location of the source, while the acknowledgement perspective arises from accepting the indebtedness to the source (Hunter, 2008). Hunter 2008, p.1 gives three reasons why citations and references are important, which are â€Å"ideas are the currency of academia†, â€Å"failing to cite violates the rights of the person who originated the idea and â€Å"academics needs to be able to trace the geneology of ideas†. Referencing in an academic work demonstrates the quality of the work, through the range of ideas that are used and acknowledged and does away with possibility of any charge of plagiarism (University of South Australia, 2007). The quality of work thus becomes another important contribution of proper referencing in a piece of academic work, as it reflects the thoroughness and the diligence of the author and through that contributes to the reputation or impression of the academic work (Glick, 2007). The Harvard System uses an author-date system. There are two places in an academic work that citations and references are used, which are in the

Diverse Effects Of Smoking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Diverse Effects Of Smoking - Research Paper Example The administration has undertaken research on the sound mechanism to convince the students of the benefits of quitting or abstaining from smoking. Critical evaluation of costs associated with smoking in the wider society shows the significant loss. SCSU shows concern for the welfare of the society by taking the lead in addressing such contentious health issue. The student community is considered influential in boosting the campaign due to their high rate of interaction and potential to initiate the revolution. It is in the interest of the students to promote the campaign against the vice and enhance the functionality of the ban. Besides banning, the smokers can be made to see sense through insightful debate among students. The institution has factual evidence in support of its decision to effect a ban on smoking. The learning institutions should be at the center of championing for better health. In this respect, smoking in the school poses a significant health risk to the smokers and the non-smokers. These consequences are multidimensional. The resultant health conditions from smoking are an additional medical cost to the society. Besides, there is the likelihood of deterioration in physical and mental health which translates to poor performance in school. The central concern of the university for imposing the ban revolves around saving. The cost of cigarettes is high and affects the students’ financial positions significantly. SCSU has set a schedule on how to effect the ban and wrap it up with the intensive anti-smoking campaign in school. The schedule takes spectrum plan which will involve first, second, third and last to fine-tune the entire work.

Thornton's Strategic Choices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words - 1

Thornton's Strategic Choices - Essay Example At that time, he might have not realized that the foundation of his shop was actually the foundation of an international business, which would continue to grow in the coming decades, and his products would reach many countries. His two sons, Norman and Stanley, joined their father and started conduct many of functions, such as manufacturing, packaging, retailing and others, in-house. During the 1920s, the shop started attracting customers from distant areas and the benefits of constant product innovation became apparent to Thorntons (Allen, 2010, p. 85). During the 1970s, the company slowly started expanding into the neighbouring countries of Europe and Australia. By the year 1972, the exports to these countries accounted more than 0.3 million pounds. Impressed with the gains made through exports, the company decided to enter into US market with the long-term expansion plan of setting up 100 stores in the next decade (Mullins and Walker, 2009, p. 390). Although, the company would hav e to later close down the purchased shops and abandon these plans because of failures in the US market. By the late 1980s, Thorntons had established itself as a strong brand name in UK with 170 company owned shops and 100 franchised outlets. Thornton had become an important brand name of chocolate at High Street. Thornton had now become a public company, with impressive share performance (Thornton and Bishton, 2009, p. 258). Business Model and Operations Thorntons only has a 1 percent market share of the confectionary market and claims to be having a 6 percent share of the confectionary gift market according to the statistics from the year 2009. Nevertheless, the company is the biggest manufacturer and retailer of specialist chocolates in the UK market. The company’s core product is boxed chocolates and it believes that its core competency lies in the manufacturing of these chocolates, with the help of quality ingredients and company owned recopies (Mullins and Walker, 2009, p. 390). The in house manufacturing method is largely labour intensive. The company relies on outside suppliers for packaging, basic liquid chocolate and solid chocolate bars (noncore business). In order to make up for sales during low seasons, the company would go on to sell ice creams and greeting cards as well but in selected outlets, mostly franchised. The company places special attention on the freshness of its product, in order to provide a unique customer experience (Thornton and Bishton, 2009, p. 258). As mentioned earlier, Thornton has been distributing its product to the customers in two different ways. First, the company owned stores, which were costly to acquire or obtain and to maintain in the long term as well. However, the company could ensure greater control over the business and in terms of interaction with

Study of Anti-Dumping by a Regional Trade Agreement Dissertation

Study of Anti-Dumping by a Regional Trade Agreement - Dissertation Example Anti-dumping policies are typically rationalized on the basis that they are necessary for eliminating harmful dumping practices by exporters and to promote fair competition in trade (Davis, 2009). Even so, research demonstrates that despite the fact that the WTO’s anti-dumping policies are intended to protect the interests of domestic producers and to promote fair competition and trade, the frequent use of the WTO’s Anti-dumping Agreement by some regional actors such as the EU, the USA and China demonstrates that the WTO’s Anti-Dumping Agreement is exploited for unnecessary protectionisms and retaliatory measures. Moreover, Article XXIV of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 allows the creation of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) and thus together with the Anti-Dumping Agreement exacerbates the WTO’s liberalized multilateral world trade system and particularly its goal of indiscriminate trade. This research study examines the use of the WTOâ₠¬â„¢s Anti-Dumping policies in RTAs and demonstrates exploitation via unnecessary protectionism and retaliatory measures. It is concluded that the trends in regional trade agreement anti-dumping policies and practices fully demonstrate that WTO members are free to exploit the Anti-Dumping Agreement contained in Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT) for excessive protectionism, retaliatory measures and for discriminatory trade practices contrary to GATT’s non-discrimination trade policies.... Table of Contents Abstract 3 Table of Contents 3 Chapter One 5 Introduction to the Study 5 I.Background to the Study 5 II.Research Questions 9 III.Aims and Objectives of the Study 10 V.Significance of the Study 11 VI.Research Methods 11 VII.Organization of the Study 12 Chapter Two 12 A Review of the Literature 12 I.Introduction 13 II.RTAs 13 A.Definition 13 B.Typologies of RTAs 14 D.Conclusion 23 III.Conceptualizing Anti-Dumping 24 A.Definitions 24 B.The Advantages and Disadvantages of Anti-Dumping Policies and Measures 26 C.Conclusion 30 IV.The WTO’s International Trade System 31 V.Conclusion 33 Chapter Three 34 Regional Trade Agreements Within the World Organization’s Multilateral System 34 I.Introduction 34 II.Snapshot of the WTO’s Legal Regime Facilitating RTAs in the WTO’s Multilateral Trade System 35 III.The WTO’s Legal Framework for the Formation of RTAS 36 A.Customs Unions 45 B.Free Trade Arrangements 47 VI.Conclusion 49 Chapter Four 49 The WTO’s Anti-Dumping Legal Framework 49 I.Introduction 49 II.Anti-Dumping Under the WTO 50 III.Conclusion 56 Chapter Five 57 Findings/Conclusion 57 Chapter One Introduction to the Study I. Background to the Study Dumping occurs when products or goods are sold on the global market or exported to a domestic market at a relative low price compared to like products or goods (Raju, 2008). According to the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT) 1994, dumping refers to the sale of goods and products at a price lower that its ordinary value (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, Article VI). According to GATT (1994: Article VI) the ordinary value of goods and products is the price at which those goods and products are

STRATEGIC ANALYSIS assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

STRATEGIC ANALYSIS - Assignment Example The evaluation helps them to know in which program to concentrate their effort to maximize their productivity. As the organization grew, the need for this assessment became critical. This made the sustainability of the organizational growth a problem. The organization faced the management and strategy issue, which also plagues other non-profit organizations. Any organization that lacks machinery to evaluate its programs, cannot know how effective those programs are or how productive they are in terms of delivering their objectives. This means that it cannot clearly demonstrate the commitment it has to its mission and it will be difficult for such an organization to secure long term funding from the funders. An organization such as HCZ with a mission to educate a poor child in Harlem, must know the long-term goals it has and should be in a position to explain clearly to the funders how they are planning to meet their objectives. This will convince the funder to give it the support it requires to continue growing. Fundamentally, the organization should find a way to manage their setups to a success level. It needed an instrument to assess the working programs and discover areas to work more in the organization to increase productivity. Finding a long term funding will enable them grow and achieve their mission and objectives. How to solve the resource problem is of essence especially at this time when some of Hcz’s primary funders such as various clients of Bernie Madoff and Lehman Brothers Holdings are going through financial crisis. (Spector, 98). Canada laid off staff members because of this issue. This is an obstacle to expanding services of the organization. HCZ is a good social asset. The problem that rocks it is how to protect funding from private sectors. For instance, when HCZ was planning 2003 budget, it allocated $11,300 annual spending per student in the promise academy. Funding crises forced the

Discussion Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Discussion - Coursework Example In addition, it is better than the parole because statements are allowed at the sentencing hearing. During reporting, the victim impact statements are to be incorporated in the pre-sentence report. Although the statements should be either written or oral, there is room for videotape, audiotape, or any other electronic device. This gives great opportunities for the victim to provide information to the court. The parole board does not guarantee a persons release when summoned for the board scrutiny. The person must be reviewed, and the board must find him worthy being among the people in the society. They are very particular on information concerning the inmate, which range from personal to communal interrelationship. The board must consider the age, mental stability, and remorse for the offence. If an offender agrees to the terms, of these three, they are checked further on the conduct during incarceration, and the time served on the current offence. Lastly, the board confirms on the rehabilitative progress, and guarantees the offender freedom if they have passed all those

Wireless devices without Wi-Fi Essay Example for Free

Wireless devices without Wi-Fi Essay 3.1.1 What would happen if wireless devices were not governed by the Wi-Fi Alliance and each vendor had its own standards and protocols? What impact would this have on your personal life or business communications? Personal information and business will slow down due to each vendor having its own standards/protocols. It will also be more vulnerable to attacks and make accessing more difficult. 3.1.2 Give another example of a model that is used to visualize something that is difficult to observe or perceive. How does the model make it easier to understand? Another way of displaying information for easier understanding is to use a flow chart. A flow chart can be used as a step by step guide. 3.1.3 Based on what you already know about networks, what are the different layers you think would be necessary for communication to be mapped to a model? Consider direct connections between host devices and connections that require other routing equipment, such as a hub, switch, or router. 1. Data link 2. Physical 3. Application 4. Network 5. Transport 3.1.4 The granularity of the reference model will often determine the usefulness of the model. What will happen if a model is too general? What will happen if a model is too granular (focused on individual detail)? If the data is too detailed, it may overlap with other information. However if the data is too general, then there may be crucial information missing. 3.1 Review 1. Why would a three-layer model of communication that has the layers  physical, network, and application be insufficient to adequately describe network communication? The model would be insufficient because it would not have the ability to transport data to any other network. 2. What is the history of the OSI reference model? How did it come about and why was it created? Use your textbook and internet research to support your answer. OSI was created in the late 1970s. It was created to define a unifying standard of architecture for networking systems. OSI was meant to be the foundation for what would later be known as the internet but when comparing to TCP/IP protocols, OSI just wasn’t enough to support the rapid growth of the internet. Now, the OSI model is used to explain networking in general terms. OSI is still used today by software/hardware designers to clarify roles in a networking system. 3. What is the history of TCP/IP model? Why was it created? Use your textbook and internet research to support your answer. TCP/IP was developed in the early 1970s, originally as part of a research network the United States Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) developed. However, due to the TCP/IP protocols limitations and flaws, ARPA developed a new network. In the mid-1970s, it was found that TCP was attempting to do too much. This is when they decided to split TCP and IP into two separate layers. In the 1980s, TCP/IP was used to run ARPAnet and also started to expand to other machines and networks, completely evolving ARPAnet. This is how the internet was born. 3.2.1 Using Figure 3-1, define each layer of the OSI model in your own words and state what each layer provides. Use your textbook or internet research to support your answer. Application – Quality of service is established, communication partners are identifies, user authentication and privacy is considered and established. Presentation – Changes data into a form that the application can accept. Session – Manages and terminates connections between applications. Transport – Transfers data between systems, maintains flow control and recovery. Network – Provides switches and routing technologies and creating logical paths. Data link – Data packet is encoded Physical – provides the hardware necessary for sending and receiving data, bit stream 3.2.2 Using Figure 3-2 as a basis, complete the diagram to show the intermediate  encapsulation provided by each layer. Use your textbook and internet research to support your answer. Transport – Segments Network – Packets Data link – Frame 3.2.3 Briefly explain the de-encapsulation steps in the communication of host B receiving a message and host A destined for an active application. Host A will use application for the OS while allowing the PC to still communicate to other devices. Transport will control the data sent and received. The network will place IP addresses to the packets allowing data to be added to the MAC addresses and physical link between host and lines. Exercise 3.2.4 Explain why routing devices do not need the upper layer of the OSI model to route traffic. What is the highest layer of the OSI model used by the router to decide where to forward traffic? The first three layers of the OSI is typically what a router needs to route traffic. The first three layer are physical, data link and network. The highest level the OSI decide where to forward traffic to is the transport layer which is located in the host layers. Lab 3.2 Review 1. How does the abstraction of the physical layer facilitate interoperability across networks using different types of physical wires? IP terminals might be located in different parts of the build making it complex. There are lines coming in and out of the build that might be different than that issued to a company. To try and replace one will be complex, confusing and time consuming if unsure. 2. The OSI model is not directly implemented in networking and often the distinction between the layers will blur in implementation. Why does it endure despite these issues? Use your textbook and internet research to justify your answer. Technicians still use the OSI model because it gives a step by step guide on  how the information is being transported and makes troubleshooting more precise. 3. Given the purpose of each, is it necessary to retain the top three layers of the OSI model as separate entities? Use your textbook and internet research to justify your answer. It is not necessary to keep the top three layers of the OSI model when TCP/IP combines the top three layers of OSI into one layer that ultimately does the same functions. Exercise 3.3.1 Using your textbook and internet research, create a mapping between the TCP/IP model and the OSI reference model. What are the distinct differences between them? One major difference between OSI and TCP/IP is the first three layers of OSI are combined into a single layer in TCP/IP known as the Application Layer. The other difference is the last two layers, Data link and Physical layer are combined into one layer known as Network Access or Link Layer. Exercise 3.3.2 Identify the layer in which each protocol resides according to the TCP/IP model. OSI # OSI Layer Name TCP/IP # TCP/IP Layer Name Encapsulation Units TCP/IP Protocols 7 Application 4 Application Data FTP, HTTP, POP3, IMAP, telnet, SMTP, DNS, TFTP 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Transport Segments TCP, UDP 3 Network 2 Internet Packets IP 2 Data Link 1 Network Access Frames 1 Physical Bits Exercise 3.3.3 The most common protocols used from this suite are IP, TCP, and UDP. Briefly describe the purpose and function of each of these. Use your textbook and internet research to support your answer. UDP – User datagram protocol – this is a connectionless service the gives best-effort delivery but does not guarantee delivery. This is often used for point-to-point and point-to-multipoint communications such as video conference applications. IP – Internet protocol – Primarily a communications protocol within the internet protocol suite that relays datagrams across network boundaries. Ultimately it establishes the Internet. Delivers packets from the source host to destination hosts based on IP address in the packet header. TCP – Transmission Control Protocol – Core protocol of IP. Known for its reliability and error checking delivery between programs running on computers connected by common networks. Sends data in the form of message units between comp uters using the internet. Lab 3.3 Review 1. UDP is a connectionless protocol, unlike TCP, so there is no feedback on whether a packet was received. When would this type of protocol be used and what is the benefit of using it? Use your textbook and internet research to draw your conclusions. UDP is ideal for when you are managing a large amount of information and you don’t want to use TCP because the operating system won’t be able to support that many sessions at one time. This does not happen frequently as TCP has become more reliable but it still is one example of why you’d rather use UDP. UDP can also get a quick response from another server more quickly. However UDP has been viewed as unreliable because there is no feedback and information can get lost. 2. HTTP is the common protocol used to retrieve web resources in a web browser. This runs over TCP/IP networks using TCP. What characteristics of TCP make its use in this situation desirable? Use your textbook and internet  research to draw your conclusion. The feedback feature in TCP is ideal because you are guaranteed that messages will be sent and received successfully. One common application that is a prime example of TCP and its success is through e-mail. Exercise 3.4.1 The data link layer introduces physical addressing in the form of Media Access Control (MAC) addresses. Each frame header is Ethernet, for example, will contain a source and destination MAC address. Why is this sufficient to route traffic locally without invoking the higher-level logical addressing? Use your textbook and internet research to guide your conclusion. MAC addresses are sufficient enough to route traffic to other networks because the frame header of MAC addresses contains all that is required without having to access higher level logical addresses. Exercise 3.4.2 Choose one of the captured packets. Click the + sign next to the Ethernet entry. This should give you the data link layer information for the frame, including the source and destination MAC addresses. Record the frame number and the source and destination MAC addresses identified by the data link layer heading. You can identify a MAC address by its format; for example, 00: 26: 62: 65: 81: 07 00:26:62:65:81:07 is a MAC address. These are commonly written in hexadecimal shorthand. Exercise 3.4.3 Open a web browser and navigate to a site that you use frequently (or visit www.pearson.com) while the packet capture is active. This will record the individual frames involved in resolving the website and delivering its content to your PC. When you view this traffic in the life packet capture, what protocols do you see invoked? You can find these under the Protocol heading for each frame. Exercise 3.4.4 and Exercise 3.4.5 cannot do because student doesn’t have access to data link layer connection (Omnipeek). Lab 3.4 Review 1. Wireshark give you the ability to save captured traffic. This can be a  great benefit to network administrators, but it can also pose a security risk. What kind of security risks does this present? Use your textbook and internet research to support your conclusion. There are a few risks associated with Wireshark. There is a possibility of a back-door hack, and the security configuration of Wireshark enables it to run in the background after exiting. While running in the background, one can access your routing information, IP addresses, passwords and usernames. 2. The frame encapsulates all other information from the higher layers of the network communication. What kind of information on the network layer encapsulation is available in Wireshark? Using Wireshark, you can track Wi-Fi access, IP addresses, network routings and encrypted packets.

Participation of children in football

Participation of children in football INTRODUCTION The purpose of this report is to provide information about the participation level of people of Scotland in Football. This report is based on the findings in the document from sportscotland: Sports Participation in Scotland 2007, Research Digest no. 108. Interviewing is done using the questions from the Scottish Opinion Survey (SOS) run by the TNS System Three. The results of the findings are based on interviewing about 1000 adults comprising approximately 480 men and 520 women and 250 children every month. This shows that there is a consistency in the sample size with age and sex of the people interviewed. Football has been one of the most popular and frequent participating sports among others both with children and adults of both sexes. This report will focus on a three year basis survey on the trends and the participation level in football. PARTICIPATION OF CHILDREN IN FOOTBALL Football has been the most popular sports with children (8-15 years) during the survey years. According to the survey 52% children have participated in football at least once a month between 2005 and 2007. Swimming is ranked second with a participation level of 37% only. PARTICIPATION OF CHILDREN BY SEX A more detailed approach can be made to explain the popularity of the sports considering the sex of the participants. With boys aged between 8 years and 15 years football has been the most popular sport with a very high participation level of 74.5%. Cycling is second to football with a participation level of only 36%. Popularity of the sport is considerably low with girls who are aged between 8 years and 15 years. Football participation is only 27% with girls of this age group who are more attracted to swimming (42.9%), cycling (34.8%) and dancing (31.1%). FREQUENCY OF PARTICIPATION WITH CHILDREN Frequency of participation refers to the average number of days participated in four weeks. With boys and girls aged between 8 years and 15 years the frequency has been calculated excluding the data from the peak months. The frequency of participation in football at least once a month for the three year period is 3.1 making it the most popular sport among the children. Average number of days participated in a month is 3.4 by boys of the age between 8 years and 15 years while with the girls of the same age group the number is 2.3. FOR CHILDREN FOOTBALL IS NOT A SEASONAL SPORT The findings show that participation of children in football remains the same all over the year both with boys and girls. Participation level in the peak months was found to be exactly the same as they were all over the year excluding the peak months. This suggests that football does not attract children only in the peak months. It is a sport where the children keep themselves engaged throughout a year hence not making it a seasonal sport. NATURE OF PARTICIPATION AMONG CHILDREN Participation in football has been in different forms. Children play their football in streets or gardens or wastelands where they are very relaxed and in a lesser competitive mood. They also participate in 11-a-side matches and 5-a-side indoor and outdoor matches. Majority of the children (34%) participating in the sport played in streets or gardens or wastelands the survey being done in peak months. Only 17% of them participate in 11-a-side games out of which 26% are boys and 6% are girls. Table 1: Participation of children (8-15 years) in different forms of the game by sex (at least once a month) 2005-07: peak months All % Boys % Girls % In street/garden/wasteland 34 49 17 11-a-side games 17 26 6 5-a-side games (all) 17 26 6 5-a-side games (outdoor) 13 20 4 5-a-side games (indoor) 8 11 4 Notes: Percentage of participation in football for children was 52. The figures in all participants column for street/garden/wasteland, 11-a-side games and 5-a-side games (all) sum up to 68, because of multiple participations. Similarly the figures of 5-a-side indoor and outdoor rows sum up to 21 instead of 17, because of multiple participations. This illustration holds true for the other columns also. Total participation for boys was 74% and for girls was 27%. PARTICIPATION OF CHILDREN THROUGH CLUB MEMBERSHIP Participation in football in less competitive levels has resulted in low club memberships (28%). 31% of boys who play football are members of a club while only 16% of girls playing football have a club membership. This shows that boys were around twice as likely as girls to be the member of a football club. TRENDS IN PARTICIPATION OF CHILDREN OVER THE LAST 10 YEARS (1998-2007) Looking at the trends in participation in football for children (8-15 years) over the past 10 years on a 3 year basis survey it can be concluded that there has been a gradual decrease in participation level but it has been always above 50% making the sport most popular among others over the years. PARTICIPATION OF ADULTS IN FOOTBALL When it comes to adults (16+), the results are based on surveys during the peak months and in the same time frame participation level in football (10%) is only second to swimming (16%). This decline in participation is understandable as participation in sport is strongly age-related. The survey shows that participation in some type of sport is 96% with children aging between 8 years and 11 years (excluding PE). This figure goes down to 29% with the over 55 category. PARTICIPATION OF ADULTS BY SEX Considering sex of participants, football has been the most popular sport with men with a participation level of 18.9%. Results show that football loses its popularity with adult women considerably and the participation level is as low as 2.3%. These results are based on participation in peak months. FREQUENCY OF PARTICIPATION WITH ADULTS The frequency of participation of adults in football during the peak months is 1.6 and has not been among the most frequent sports with the likes of cycling (3.8), horse riding (3.2), etc. The average number of days when adult men participated in football is 1.6 while the figure is 1.5 with women. NATURE OF PARTICIPATION AMONG ADULTS Adult men and women have played their football in the different forms of the game. They have played in the streets, gardens or wastelands. They also have participated in 11-a-side and 5-a-side games. Unlike children, adult men have taken part in more competitive games than those who have played in streets, gardens or wastelands. Women have very little participation in competitive games with less than 0.5% participating in 11-a-side games and only 1% in 5-a-side games. Table 2: Participation of adults (16+) in different forms of the game by gender (at least once a month) 2005-07: peak months All % Men % Women % In street/garden/wasteland 4 5 2 11-a-side games 3 6 * 5-a-side games (all) 6 13 1 5-a-side games (outdoor) 4 9 * 5-a-side games (indoor) 4 7 * Note: Percentage of participation in football for adults was 10. The figures in all participants column for street/garden/wasteland, 11-a-side games and 5-a-side games (all) sum up to 13, because of multiple participations. Similarly the figures of 5-a-side indoor and outdoor rows sum up to 8 instead of 6, because of multiple participations. This illustration holds true for the other columns also. Total participation for men was 19% and for girls was 2%. The asterisk (*) indicates less than 0.5% participation. PARTICIPATION OF ADULTS THROUGH CLUB MEMBERSHIP Percentage of adult football participants who are the members of a club is 25. 27% of male football participants have a club membership while only 6% of female who play football are club members. This shows that men are four and a half times more likely to take a club membership as are women. TRENDS IN PARTICIPATION OVER THE LAST 13 YEARS (1994-2007) The trends in participation in football for adults over the past 13 years on a three year basis survey show a good consistency with the participation level ranging between 9% and 11%. CONCLUSION Club membership has been low in football for both children between 8 years and 15 years and adults over 16 years. Only a quarter (25%) of the adult participants in football is club members while with children the figure is just above the quarter mark (28%). This is mainly due to the nature of the participation. Around two-thirds (49% of the 74%) of the number of boys aged between 8 years and 15 years have played their football in streets or gardens or wastelands throughout the year. A major portion of the girls participating in football (17% of the 27%) have played in the same form of the game. This might also be considered as a reason for the gradual decrease in the trend of participation in football among children. Children might be encouraged to become members of different clubs by organizing free coaching sessions once or twice a week round the year for club members. Other attractions may include more competitive football matches between clubs in different forms of the game to en sure maximum participation. This might also encourage them to continue with participation at an older age.

A Critical Analysis Of The Constructivism Method Politics Essay

A Critical Analysis Of The Constructivism Method Politics Essay This essay attempts to provide an overview of constructivism in international relations theory; traces back its origins through writings of some scholars ,particularly Alexander Wendt . It sheds light on prominence of constructivism as a challenger to the mainstream international relations. It first lays out the basic tenets of constructivism and examines their implications on opening new substantive areas to inquiry, such as the roles of gender and ethnicity, which have been largely absent from international relations approaches. Having defined some of the core features of constructivism as an approach, the article examines constructivism as theory . This will be conducted through applying theory functions on constructivism. In addition , the essay shows some of the critiques of constructivism from realist and post-positivist point views. Finally . It concludes with the fact that constructivism is not independent and full-fledged theory but a theoretically informed approach to the study of global politics. Key words: constructivism, ideas, identity, norms, culture, beliefs, social construction anarchy. Constructivism provides a good method, but a poor theory. Discuss. Until the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the debate between Neo-realism and Neo-liberalism has dominated the discipline of International Relations; materialism was the building blocks of mainstream international theory. For neo-realists, the principal determinant of state behaviour is the distribution of military capabilities among states, consequently anarchy and the distribution of relative power drive most of what goes on in world politics. (Copeland 2000:187) .Neo-liberals also saw state interests as essentially material, even if they did posit the importance of international institutions as intervening variables.( Rues-Smit 2001:224). Thus, societal analysis in international relations scholarship has been marginalised. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the writings of Alexender Wendt (1987, 1992), Friedrich Kratochwil (1989) and Nicholas Onuf (1989) established constructivist ideas, a genuinely radical alternative to conventional IR. Although a relatively new approach to IR, constructivism has returned international scholars to the foundational questions, including the nature of the state and the concepts of sovereignty and citizenship. In addition, constructivism has opened new substantive areas to inquiry, such as the roles of gender and ethnicity, which have been largely absent from international relations approaches. (Mingst 20004:74) By reimagining the social as a constitutive realm of values and practices, and by situating individual identities within such a field, constructivists have placed sociological inquiry back at the centre of the discipline. Aided by the momentous changes that attended the end of the Cold War, and also by the ongoing process of globalization, the constructivists interest in the particularities of culture, identity, interest and experience created space for renaissance in the study of history and world politics. .( Rues-Smit 2001:226) Constructivism as an approach Constructivism is about human consciousness and its role in international life (Ruggie 1998). Constructivists focus on the role of ideas, norms, knowledge, culture, and argument in politics, stressing in particular the role of collectively held or intersubjective ideas and understandings on social life. Specifically, constructivism is an approach to social analysis that asserts the following: (1) human interaction is shaped primarily by ideational factors, not simply material ones; (2) the most important ideational factors are widely shared or intersubjective beliefs, which are not reducible to individuals; and (3) these shared beliefs construct the interests and identities of purposive actors (Adler 1997, Price Reus-Smit 1998, Ruggie 1998, Wendt 1999). The core observation in constructivism is the social construction of reality. This has a number of related elements. One is to emphasize the socially constructed nature of actors and their identities and interests. Instead of assuming that actors are born outside of and prior to society, the claim is that individuals are produced and created by their cultural environment. Nurture not nature. (Branett 2001 : 259). In an of-repeated phrase, Alexander Wendt captured the methodological core of IR constructivism: anarchy is what states make of it. There is no objective international world apart from the practices and institutions that states arrange among themselves. In making that statement , Wendt argues that a self-help anarchy is not some kind of external given which dictates a logic of analysis based on realism: self-help and power politics are institutions ,not essential features of anarchy'(Wendt 1992:395) ,(Jackson Sorensen 1999:239) Alexander Wendt argues that political structure, whether one of anarchy or particular distribution of material capabilities, explain nothing. It tells us little about state behaviour : It does not predict whether two states will be friend or foes, will recognize each others sovereignty ,will have dynastic ties, will have revisionist or status quo powers, and so on. (Wendt 1992:395) . What we need to know is identity, and identities change as a result of cooperative behaviour and learning. Whether the system is anarchic depends on the distribution of identities, not the distribution of military capabilities, as the realist would have us believe. If a state identifies with itself, then the system may be anarchic. If a state identifies with other states, then there is no anarchy (.(Mingst 20004:75) A security dilemma , for example , is not merely made up of the fact that two sovereign states possess nuclear weapons. It also depends on how those states view each other; that view is based on shared knowledge. ,(Jackson Sorensen1999:238) In a constructivist analysis, agents and structures are mutually constituted; structures not only constrain actors, they also shape the identities and the interests of them. Thus structures are also defined by ideas, norms, and rules; in other words, structures contain normative and material elements. The challenge, therefore, is to recognize that the normative structure can create agents and that agents can create and possibly transform those structures. (Branett 2001 : 255). According to Alder , constructivisms importance and its added value for the study of international relations lie mainly in its emphasis on the ontological reality of intersubjective knowledge and on the epistemological and methodological implications of this realty. ( Alder1997:322) . Additionally , power can be understood not only as the ability of one actor to do what they would not to do otherwise , but also as the production of identities and interests that limit the ability to control their life. In sum , the meanings that actors bring to their activities are shaped by the underlying culture, and meanings are not always fixed but are a central feature of politics. Constructivism as a theory However, despite of the intellectual vigour that constructivism has fostered, this approach has been criticized. John Mersheimer complains that constructivists put too much emphasis on subjective ideas knowledge: realists believe that the state behaviour is largely shaped by the material structure of the international system. The distribution of material capabilities among states is the key factor for understanding world politics. This means that everything is not uncertain or in flux, says Mersheimer, because the material structure is an objective reality and is not merely intersubjective. (Mearsheimer 1995a:91-92). Although constructivism is deeply concerned with radically changing state behaviour, it says little about how change comes about. It does not tell us why particular discourses become dominant, and others fall by the wayside. And when constructivism trys to point out particular factors that lead to changes in discourse, often argues that material changes drive changes in discourse. So discourse is not determinative , but a reflective of developments in objective world..( Mearsheimer 1995b :42 ). In addition, neo-realists are sceptical about the importance that constructivists attach to norms, in particular international norms. Such norms surely exist, but they are routinely disregarded if that is in the interest of powerful states.( Jackson 2006 ). Moreover, there is no international consensus concerning norms of behaviour in the international system, primary of which is justice and human rights. At the same time, neo-realists are not ready to accept that states can easily become friends due to their social interaction. Such a goal may be desirable in principle, but not realizable in practice, because the structure of the international system forces states to behave as egoists. Anarchy, offensive capabilities, and uncertain intentions combine to leave states with little choice but to compete aggressively with each other. For realists, trying to infuse states with communitarian norms is a hopeless cause (Mearsheimer 1995b: 367). From the post-positivist side, Steve Smith argues that the constructivist view of how ideas and shared knowledge shape the way the actors see themselves in world politics is not sufficiently profound. Furthermore, the constructivist agenda is a rather traditional one, focusing on the interaction of states .There is no place for structure such as capitalism or patriarchy. (Smith 1997:186) Finally, if, as constructivists claim, there is no objective reality . if the world is in the eye of the beholder , then there can be no right or wrong answers , only individual perspectives. With no authoritative texts, all texts are equally valid both the musings of the elite and the practices of everyday men and women. (Mingst 20004:76) Is it a theory? A theory is a based upon a hypothesis and backed by evidence; it presents a concept or idea that is testable. In science, a theory is not merely a guess. A theory is a fact-based framework for describing a phenomenon. In social sciences, theories are used to provide a model for understanding human thoughts, emotions, and behaviours. A social theory has two key components: (1) it must describe behaviour and (2) make predictions about future behaviours. To evaluate a theory, we must verify many conditions: 1- Generalizability: applicability to many times, places, and issues. 2-Empirical validity: accuracy of predictions. 3-Progression: whether it expands to new predictions or degenerates by excessive modification. If we apply these conditions to constructivism, we will find that constructivism is neither specific enough to be testable, nor parsimonious. And it is unclear what factors are cause nor which are effect. It does not prize deductive methods of theory-construction and does not seek to uncover causalities. ( Ruggie, 1998, 52) Constructivism is a different kind of theory from realism, liberalism, or Marxism and operates at a different level of abstraction. Constructivism is not a substantive theory of politics. It is a social theory that makes claims about the nature of social life and social change; consequently it does not, by itself, produce specific predictions about political outcomes that one could test in social science research. (Finnemore Sikkink 2001:393) As such, it is much more and much less than meets the eye. It is much less because it is not properly a theory that can be viewed as a rival to already existing theories. It offers no predictions about enduring regularities or tendencies in world politics. Instead, it suggests how to investigate them. Consequently, it is much more than meets the eye because if offers alternative ways of thinking about a range of issues. (Branett 2001 : 268) However, the debate about basic theory is of course relevant for the constructivist ambition of demonstrating that ideas matter. How exactly is it that ideas matter? Do changes in ideas always come before changes in material conditions? Do ideas guide policy or are they justifications for policy? Should ideas be seen as causes of behaviour in IR or should they rather be seen as constitutive elements that define what IR is all about? Further clarification in these areas is of vital importance for the constructivist research programme. (Jackson 2006). Drawing on what mentioned above, there is scepticism about constructivism .whether it is properly to be seen as a theory of IR theory or as a philosophical category, a meta-theory or a method for empirical research, or whether it is indeed an approach relevant at several levels. ( Zehfuss 2002:9) . In conclusion, constructivism is not independent and full-fledged theory but a theoretically informed approach to the study of global politics. Conclusion Constructivism challenged the disciplines mainstream on its own terms and on issues that were at the heart of its research agenda. (Branett 2001: 268) However, the rise of Constructivism has had several important impacts on the development of international relations theory and analysis; the social, historical, and normative have returned to the centre stage of debate, especially the American core of the discipline. . ( Rues-Smit 2001:225) Constructivisms core assumptions have shaped its empirical research program in several important ways. They have shaped the kinds of questions constructivists tend to ask by opening up for inquiry issues that other approaches had failed to engage. Understanding the constitution of things is essential in explaining how they behave and what causes political outcomes. Just as understanding how the double-helix DNA molecule is constituted materially enables understandings of genetics and disease, so, too, an understanding of how sovereignty, human rights, laws of war, or bureaucracies are constituted socially allows us to hypothesize about their effects in world politics. (Finnemore Sikkink 2001:394). Their claim deserves attention in a world where inflamed passions lead to bloodshed in the name of neither conquest nor class, but instead simply because of who the enemy is: a Muslim, a Serb, a Tutsi, a Hutu, a Catholic, a Protestant, an Arab, or a Jew. Realism and liberalism are not incapable of explaining hatred, but they struggle to account for such widespread violence that serves neither Mammon nor the national interest. (Kowert,Paul 2001). Finally , Constructivism has become a phenomenon in IR not merely because many scholars adopted it , but because a lot of scholars debated and are still debating it .

Teaching the Client to Take a Radial Pulse Essay -- Teaching-Learning

I chose to write my teaching-learning paper on how to take a radial pulse. I knew â€Å"Nurses are involved in client education to promote wellness, prevent or diagnose illness early, restore optimal health & function if illness has occurred, and assist clients and families to cope with alterations in health status.† (Craven & Hirnle, 2008, p. 347) However, I had to come up with a reason for choosing how to take a radial pulse. I know in the field the client would already have the needs to learn, so I asked my client. I approached the client and asked him to give me a reason why he wanted to learn to take a radial pulse. His first reaction was â€Å"Can I use it to find out if someone is dead?† He said this smiling with a smirk of pure mischievous motives. Shaking my head, I told the client â€Å"Yes, but really, give me a reason.† He followed up with â€Å"Well, I can get information together to see how I can build an exercise regimen. Don’t I need t o know how to do that for exercising?† After explaining to him that yes, you need to reach a target heart rate where you know you are burning calories at best we both decided we discovered our goal for this project. â€Å"The teaching-learning process empowers client to achieve increased wellness or to manage specific healthcare needs.† (C raven & Hirnle, 2008, p.345) Knowing this, I had discovered my goal for the client as well. Before beginning the teaching progress I need to learn about my client’s learning needs. â€Å"Determine what the client needs to know or do to function more independently† (Craven & Hirnle, 2008, p. 348). The best ways to gather information about your client is to ask your client. Therefore, I had asked my client what he knew about taking a radial pulse. His reply was â€Å"I only k... ...necting to your client and understanding their needs before pressing your teaching upon them. No client is willing to learn from someone who is in a hurry and just passing information like it is a voting pamphlet. Every client must be reached on their level to meet their concerns and their needs. Works Cited Carpenito-Moyet, L.J. (2010). Handbook of Nursing Diagnosis 13th Edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Craven, R.F., & Hirnle, C.J. (2008). Fundamentals of Nursing: Human Health and Function 6th Edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. D’Amico, Med, RN, D, & Barbarito, EdD, RN, C. (2007). Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.. Smith, L. (2003). Help! My patient's illiterate. Nursing, 33(11 Part 1), 32hn6. Retrieved from CINAHL Plus with Full Text database.

You are My Life :: Love Letters Dating Email Relationships

Dear Julie, It's fair to say that the past couple of weeks have been somber and gloomy for me. I have been living in the dark, as though a big black cloud has engulfed me. I have felt like there has been something missing from my heart, and although I wasn't sure what it was, I now realize it was the part I gave to you. Julie, you have been the missing part of my heart! Now, slowly, it's as though that piece is being put back into place and I'm starting to see a glimmer of light, just as though someone, somewhere has turned on a light and it's starting to flicker alive. It's hard for me to explain what this feeling is, all I can say is that when I've been with you lately, the movie I'm watching seems better, the music I'm listening to sounds more alive, even things like doing the dishes is more fun when you're with me. Everything I've ever done in my life has been better, brighter, and more exciting when I've been able to share it with you. I want you to know that the most important thing in my life is you. Nothing compares to holding you in my arms. I would never want you to not know the way I feel about you. I love you and I'm sure you must realize that, but for me, that is no longer enough now. I want you to really know how much I love you. I so dearly need the comfort and the security of knowing that whenever I say, I love you, you're going to say the same words. I wish that sometimes you would say them before I do and make me believe you mean them so much. I've feel so lucky that you've decided to share your life with me, and there's nothing, I wouldn't do to make you happy. I want you to want me. Just like I want you. There's no price you can put on love. I know you can't make love come back to the way it was: I know it'll come back, if, and when it's ready. I just want you to know that for every ounce of love you give to me, I will give it back to you a thousand times more. I worship and adore you and no one could ever compete with the beauty I see when you stand before me.

What is a Dream? Essay -- Literary Analysis, Shakespeare, Carroll

Your eyelids are heavy and your mind is fogging, finally they close entirely with the weight of the eyelids, and in a few minutes you have fallen into slumber. You wake up with a vivid image in your mind, but you have no clue as to what it means: it was just a dream. A dream, some may argue is irrelevant; images assorted together creating nonsense. Others depict a dream as a message our mind is telling us. Throughout the day, the mind subconsciously picks up pieces of our daily life, whether they are thoughts, emotions, ideas, or interactions. The brain naturally resists chaos and is attuned to order and organization and, therefore, sees past the commotion and malfunctions, it begins to matrix things, such as images in the clouds. It is through dreaming that these images sort out all the confusion in the ordinary daily life and reveals a bizarre and unrealistic world, which is a reflection of the unstable reality that is actually lived in. Reality is considered unstable because it is constantly changing, moving and transforming into something else whether people are aging, dying or being born. It is a constantly changing factor that people refuse to accept, and it is in our dreams that it is revealed. It is in this dream world where William Shakespeare and Lewis Carroll use fantastical characters, such as fairies and the White Rabbit to exemplify the daily interactions one must make to seek the truth. It is in the court and woods where everything is turned upside down, and where what is right is wrong, and what one knows, are no longer relevant. Ultimately these dreams illustrate the absence of time within these worlds. The dream process plays an essential function in both Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Carroll’s Alic... ...nuously move to get somewhere and when they find they are looking for, they still have to keep going. The characters met through the journey represent the logical and illogical strangers that people face every day and some may help while others might pull them down. These interactions are significant because every interaction and actions affect a person even if it is not all that clear. Time is the biggest factor in how reality is unstable. No matter what a person does, time is constantly there, and every second is a second past. The main reason it is not stable is because it is always changing and moving and whether one likes it or not, no one can change time. In a dream, time is not a factor and characters met can have no significance and in a dream, just for those few hours, the world can be a perfect and stable place, at least just until it is time to wake up.

Health and Social Care Management Essay

This assignment discusses communication skills, and the various factors that influence the communication process. It looks at learning theories, strategies to improve interpersonal behaviour, charters and codes of practice, the usage of information technology, and the effectiveness of such systems, together with legislation, across the health and social care environment. Communication is a process of passing information from one person to the other and between employees, agencies, service users and their relatives in health and social care through verbal and non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication is a form of communication (e.g. body language, signs and symbols). Verbal communication is communicating with words (e.g. conversation). In order to improve relationships with service users, their families, colleagues, managers and others who worked within health and social care environment, care workers need to have good communication skills. Good, supportive relationships are built on effective communication (Michie, 2006). Communicating effectively performs a significant role in health and social care workplace, therefore understanding learning theories can improve the quality of communication process. In health and social care, learning theories have been effectively applied. For example, social learning theory, is learning by imitating the behaviour of others – either consciously or unconsciously. It is applied in health and social care by offering the positive things learnt from others into health and social care workplace to improve staff-patients interpersonal relationships. The woman who decided to stop drinking after being aware of the risk of having liver disease or  felt proud after she quit drinking completely is an example of social learning theory (Bandura, 1977). The importance of communicating effectively is shown in the hospital appointment scenario where the doctor was devoid of good communication skills. He is an example of a poor communicator who appears to have used his position of power in his ‘closed’ questioning style. Shukla et al. (2010) that ‘good doctor-patient communication has a positive impact’ on patients reactions to consultations. For example, it improves patient satisfaction, physician satisfaction. In fact, doctors who are patient-focused have a been reported by patients to have a good quality of care (op.cit). The present scenario shows that interpersonal skills are lacking resulting in the patient’s apparent dissatisfaction with treatment. In the scenario the doctor did not recap to the patient, and there was no active listening and relationship between them (Moss, 2012). Classical conditioning theory is also used to change and improve peoples’ behaviour. This can be used in setting with the mentor and mentee. It is learning by association. For example learning to feel upset at the sight of flashing police lights in your rearview mirror. It is applied in health and social care, by making sure service users, their relatives, visitors etc. receive quality care and services so that they can respond positively regarding the kind of care and services that was render to them by health and social care workers. Classical conditioning process remains significant today for various applications, including transformation and mental health treatment. Classical conditioning is often used to treat anxiety, panic disorder and phobias (Pavlov, 1927). Skinner’s (1938) model of operant conditioning often is a effective way of changing behaviour by reinforcement. For example when a child is rewarded for achieving a higher grade at school or when a baby is crying and chocolate is given to the baby and the baby stop crying. And any time the baby cries and chocolate is given to the baby, the baby will d stop crying. It is applied in health and social care workplace, whereby a mentor will give a mentee a constructive and encouraging feedback and advice e.g. a  general practitioner (GP) giving a patient a constructive feedback and advice from the patient medical condition enquiries (Nevid, 2008). Michie (2006) stated that different skills can be used to promote effective communication in health and social care. Therefore, health and social care workers must be able to communicate effectively with patients, there is need for them to understand how patients feel and the things they want and need. They need to be able to respond to patients concerns and questions in ways that can be understood and they need to be able to communicate effectively with their managers, colleagues, visitor and other professionals. For example, they need to be able to pass on information which others can understood and to understand instructions by communicating clearly, slowly, concisely and avoid using jargons when giving instructions of medication intake to service users. For example, in the hospital scenario when there was no personal relationship between the doctor and the patient (Bastable, 2008). According Moonie (2005) health and social care workers must understand the importance of verbal and non-verbal communication in order to communicate with service users. Non-verbal communication comprises the use of signs and pictures, body language such as facial expressions, posture, eye contact, and gestures. Health and social care workers need to be an active listeners, and let service users have their right to communicate their needs and preference and to make decisions and choices to improve the quality of their life. There may be obstacles to effective doctor-patient relationship, when a doctor does not aid open communication with a patient. For example, when a patient does not understand medical terminology, or believe the doctor has not really listened and therefore, does not have the information to make good treatment decisions. The doctor should sit down, maintain eye contact, listen without interrupting and explain and restore confidence during test (Hill, 2011). Another area to be examined in health and social care is interpersonal communication, which is the process by which people exchange information, feelings, and meaning through verbal and non-verbal messages; it is  face-to-face communication. Interpersonal communication is not what is actually said or the language used, but how it is convey and the non-verbal messages pass through tone of facial expressions, body language, gestures and voice. Discrimination can cause inappropriate interpersonal communication in health and social care environment, because people often feel that they belong to certain types of group whom they share same view, look similar and who m they think alike. Health and social care workers must have to be interested in learning about other people, they should not divide service users into group, and must not exclude them from receiving quality care services because they belong to a different ethnic group, religion, culture, gender or age group or because of the ir sexuality. Stereotype is another factor that can cause inappropriate interpersonal communication. carers may make assumptions about their patients based on stereotyped thinking, this may be barriers to effective communication in health and social care workplace. For example, health and social care worker, working with elderly people, may decided to wash and dress an older service user without asking her what she want or need because the carer feel she is old and she can remember anything â€Å"old people do not remember† (Downs and Adrian, 2004). In health and social care sector, there are different strategies healthcare professionals can use to support service users with particular communication needs (e.g. SOLER technique, and Braille) have been put in place to help those with mental and physical disabilities to overcome communication barriers. Braille is a system of communication based on raised marks that can be read by the visual impair people. SOLER is a non-verbal listening technique used in communication; face the other squarely, adopt an open posture, lean towards other, maintain eye contact and relax. Health and social professionals may come across a number of patients at workplace who speak different language rather than English, have disabilities which may affect their speech. These service users may need respective approach and specific needs, service users can be complemented by communication skills and technological aids. For example, when a carer is communicating with a patient with visual impairment, closed personal space is required so that health care professionals and service users, can develop closer  relationships in order to convey accurate message. Health care professionals have to use technological support (e.g. screen enlarger and text-to-speech devices). And also pictures, diagrams, written information printed in big characters with illustrations can be use to assist service users with communication difficulties (Weiten et al., 2011). It is imperative for health and social care workers to have a knowledge base of cultural diversity. Differences can occur in attitudes, norms of behaviour; high (Chinese, Thai and Japanese), medium (English, French, Italian, Spanish) and low (North Americans, Germans, Swiss) context cultures can influence how health and social care professionals interact with service users to achieve good communication relations and quality care services. High context cultures convey a limited portion of the meaning of words, which must be interpreted in terms of how it is being said, where it is being said, and the body language of the speaker. Medium context cultures convey a fair portion of the meaning of words. It depends the context in which the message is delivered. Low context cultures convey most of the meaning of words in the communication. Understanding differences and similarities within and between cultures can also improve staff relationship in health and social care sector. People learn the values, customs and norms of their culture through communication, the cultural values are impacted in the way that people speak, perceive and interpret the words. In order to prevent misunderstanding in health and social care sector, cultural diversity must be understood and accepted (Rasheed et al., 2010). Culture has specific symbols consisting of verbal symbols, non-verbal symbols, language, symbols and signs. We know that we are product of many cultures and traditions, that mutual respect allows us to learn from other cultures, culture can become clearest in well-meaning clashes e.g. interacting with people from different backgrounds. Each may behave ‘normally’ as far as their own culture is concerned, but not as judged by the other culture (Bastable, 2008). Working in the health care sector, it is fundamental that facets of confidentiality are understood and applied by employers and employees. By understanding legislation and Code of Practice averts misuse of confidential  objects by professionals working in the health care sector. Therefore it is the duty of employees to stick to these rules in order to encourage good practice. Not abiding to these principles can lead to patient disappointment and lack of trust in health care services. The Health and Social Care Act 2012 (DH, 2012) outlines the changes of NHS system which is the replacement of Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) and the responsibilities of the clinical commissioning groups, who are GPs and other clinicians, to allow greater liability for using local resources economically under the support of NHS Commissioning Board. This Act aims at incorporated and more available service provision placing the need of local people and patient in the middle, which would reduce pointless costs and time devoted during the administration work. Equality Act 2010 protects people who have different characteristic on the ground of disability, race, marriage status, religion or belief, sex and sexual orientation from being discriminated in the case of employment, perception, association, payment, access to health care and social services and so on (Walsh et at. 2011). This legislation and code of practice are implemented as guidelines for the professionals to produce effective work-relationship. Also, health and social care provider should respect religious and cultural diversity of the service users and implement an equal advance towards the disabled people as a good organisational practice. The Charter for Communication place the right of people with a communication impairment in terms of information, support and training, time to speak, right of entry to services, addition in social networks, and services from employers. Due to this Charter, health and social care service providers and general public have been able to adopt and develop suitable method of communication, such as providing choices of booking a GP visits, allocating experienced staff with balancing communication tools in reception area, or offering additional time to value the needs of people with communication complexities (Walsh et al., 2011). It is the responsibility of employers and staffs working in the health care sector to be familiar with policies and procedures. It is also important that they know who to report to in situations of improbability. Health and social care workers must be able to direct those in their care to  professional organisations who can offer advice and support to people experiencing various difficulties. When employees adhere to the policy and system of an organisation, this will enhance the safety of employees and service users within the health care organisation. For example, the confidentiality policy which stated that people personal information should be protected and process fairly at all time, service users personal details must be protected by health and social care workers (Moss, 2012). The Care Quality Commission (CQC) controls all health and adult social care services in England including those provided by the NHS, local authorities, private companies or voluntary organisation. The CQC makes sure that necessary standards of quality of care and safety are being met where care is provided, from hospitals to private care homes. The CQC make sure better care is provided for everyone in the hospital, care homes, own homes or elsewhere. When communication is supported through organisational policies and staff training, this will create a safe working environment for service provider and service users, and it will also improve the communication skills of health care professionals and service users fulfilment (Hill, 2011). In health and social care sector, there are different techniques that have been put in place to develop the communication process in the health and social care sector. Communication can be blocked if people differences are not understood. For example when people don’t get the message, include visual disabilities, hearing disabilities, environments, and speaking from too far away and when people cannot make sense of their messages e.g. the use of different languages, the use of different terms, such as jargons (technical language) and slang (using different terms) in health and social care workplace. Health and social care workers need to be trained in the areas of identifying barriers and how to improve the communication processes in health and social care in order to be able to provide quality care service for the service users. For example, health and social care workers should avoid using jargons and slang to communicate in health and social care organisation in order to avoid communication barriers (Moonie, 2005). Since I started health and social care management course, I have developed new uses for information communication technology (ICT) and the benefits are worth the effort and has resulted in major improvement in my area of work, not just for providing quality service for the service users, but also for the benefit of me and my work team. With the use of information communication technology (ICT), I can now check information about patient care by assessing the modern email system which is the fastest and secured way of exchanging information, and to support a patient-centred care approach for older people and people with long term condition by electronically enabling single assessment process (e-SAP). I also use information communication technology (ICT) to improve, more consistent monitor and record service users conditions. For example, by using electronic mat to monitor the movement of a confuse patient, that will immediately alert me when the patient stood on. The electronic mat is always spread by the side of the patient bed, and the buzzer will sound when the patient stood on it. I use information communication technology (ICT) to get better information to support and improved my performances (Moonie, 2010). Over the last three decades in health and social care settings, huge benefits has been achieved by the use of information communication technology (ICT) by users of services care workers and care organisations. Service users can benefit from information communication technology (ICT) by the use of Electronic Health Record that will give them information about their health record held by their General Practitioner (GP) or their health care professionals, in order for them to be able to take control and participate in their care, so that they can receive treatment at the right time. Service users can also benefit from the use of information communication technology (ICT) by using e-prescribing that will help service users to collect their medication straight from the pharmacy without waste of time, errors in dispensing (such as wrong drug or contraindicated drug) and it eliminate hard-to-read handwritten prescriptions. Care workers and care organisations can benefit from the enhance performance of quality services delivered by the use of information communication technology (ICT). For example, the breakdown to barriers to communication and information exchange between health care workers and the organisation through electronic systems, and the use of Clinical Decision Support System also help  clinicians to support the decisions of other professionals (Rafferty and Steyaet, 2007). However, there are legal consideration in the use of information communication technology (ICT) in relating to Data Protection Act 1998, which stated that service users information must be confidential and should not be disclosed, and can only be disclose to certain people e.g. Social worker, General Practitioner (GP), Police etc. The employers have a legal duty under Health and Safety at work Act etc 1974 to safeguard, so far as is ‘reasonably practicable’, the health, safety and welfare of their employees and others who may be affected by the work activity, and provide and maintain safe equipment and safe systems of work. Employers must also carry out risk assessment and have a written health and safety policy ( if there are five or more staff), display health and safety poster etc. The employees must take care of themselves and other and follow safety advice and instructions. Workers who use computers for long periods of time are prone to health problems, this is why it is important to understand health and safety at work because it can lead to mental disorder, nausea, fatigue etc (Lash, 2002). This assignment explored communication skills and how different factors influence the communication process, and theories of communication have been applied to health and social care together with the use of information technology in health and social care. References Bandura, A. (1977) Social learning theory. New York: Prentice Hall. Bastable, S. B. (2008) Nurse as educator: Principles of teaching and learning for nursing practice. 3rd ed. London: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Downs, C. W. and Adrian, A. D. (2004) Assessing organisational communication: Strategic communication audits. New York: The Guilford Press. Hill, S. (2011) The knowledgeable patient: Communication and participation in health. Oxford: Wiley-Backwell. Lash, S. (2002) Critique of Information. London: Sage. Michie, V. (2006) BTEC first Health and Social Care. United Kingdom: Nelson Thornes. Moonie, N. (2010) Developing effective communication. In: B. Stretch and M. Whitehouse (eds.). BTEC national level 3: Health and social care book 1. London: Pearson Education. Moonie, N. (2005) Health and social care: AS Level for Edexcel. Oxford: Heinemann Education Publishers. Moss, B. (2012) Communication Skills in Health and Social Care. Second Edition. London: Sage. Nevid, J. S. (2008) Psychology: Concepts and applications. 3rd ed. Boston: Cengage Learning. Pavlov, I. P. (1927) Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral cortex. Translated and Edited by G.V. Anrep. London: Oxford University Press. Rasheed, E., Hetherington, A. and Irvine, J. (2010) BTEC Level 3: Health and social care endorsed by edexcel. London: Hodder Education & Dynamic Learning. Rafferty, J. and Steyaet, J. (2007) Social work in Digital Society. London: Sage. Shukla, A., Tiwari, R., a nd Kala, R. (2010) Studies in computational intelligence. Berlin: Springer publications. Skinner, B. f. (1938) The Behaviour of Organism: An experiment analysis. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Weiten, W., Dunn, D. S. and Hammer, E. Y. (2011) Psychology applied to modern life: Adjustment in the 21st century. 10th ed. Belmont: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Walsh, M., Mitchell, A., Millar, E., Rowe, J., Greenhalgh, L., Langride, E. and Chaloner, R. (2011) Health and social care: Level3 Diploma candidate handbook. London: Collins Education.

Accepting Men

For many things, change is inevitable. According to an excerpt tittled â€Å"Accepting Men as They Are†, written by Albert Ellis, men are sex- orientated, selfish, and workaholics. Ellis believes that it is useless to try to change a man because that is how they are built. There is no point in changing because it simply cannot be done. That could be true, however, this passage was written in 1979, about three decades ago. The author had another perspective because he lived in a different generation. Men acted like they were superior, but it is now the 21st century; times has changed, and so have men.Even though many people will say that men are all the same, men are capable of changing for the better. After all, we are all humans. Humans change for the better every day like going to rehab and fix their problems. Men that change for the better are shown throughout literature, history, and the media. There are many times where men were able to change completely, like the Grinch, Tiger Woods, and in the movie â€Å"Click† where Adam Sandler acted as Michael Newman who was portrayed as a workaholic.In the passage, Ellis stated that â€Å"All men are selfish†, however in the popular childrens’ book, How the Grinch Stole Christmas? Grinch was able to change. Symbolic of men, the Grinch was selfish, bitter, and did not want to relate himself to any of the Whos. He wanted to take everyone’s joy away so he attempted to steal Christmas. Even though he takes all the decor, he was appalled that everyone still had the holiday spirit in them. Because of a young adolescent named Little Cindy Loo Who, he was able to change and return all the decorations and presents back to the village.One of the peak points in the movie was when Little Cindy Loo Who was about to fall off a cliff because of his sleigh was too heavy to carrying all the Christmas decorations and presents. The Grinch’s heart grew bigger and bigger, and he did not care if he got hurt and tried to save the life of the child that saved his. The villagers were able to see that he transformed into a heartwarming man. They gave him a chance and at the end the Grinch was able to cut the ham. Due to his positive outlook he was able to become a new person and change into a better man.Albert Ellis claims that men only want sex from a woman. However, some men are lustful to the extent where they were addicted to it, and even lost their whole family. In the last year, Tiger Woods was exposed to the media for having many mistresses and cheating on his wife. Not too long after this was made public, they got a divorce. Woods realized his obsession with sex, and checked into rehab. Even though this is one of the times where it was too late for the man to realize his addiction, he was able to admit that he had a problem.He lost his wife, kids, and almost his career. Checking into sex rehab was one of the choices for him and was a big step, but he knew he had to chan ge. He already lost his family, but he did not want to lose everything he had, including his career. This is to show that he is progressing into a better person. Some men become workaholics because they need it to support their family. In the movie â€Å"Click†, Adam Sandler plays a workaholic that tries to give the best to his family. By using a remote to fast forward time, he was able to fast forward to where he was promoted.In doing so, he spent many nights working on projects that will prove to his boss that he is a trustworthy person that can handle bigger jobs. He could not wait any longer so he went to a mad scientist which fast forwarded time, and sent him to a different time in the future. Traveling through time saw how he would be in the future if he kept focusing on his work. He lost his wife and kids, and devoteds his whole life to his job. He realized that he missed all the good times with his wife and children, and was fortunately able to go back and realize his mistake.He paid more attention to his wife and kids and was more romantic. He changed his outlook on life and was able to get back his old life. All men are different, but one thing in common is that they are able to change for worse and better. The only person you can change is yourself. Without saying more, no one should be able to change anyone because it must be the desire of the person wo needs to change. Change is still possible, but it is in only self-realization where it can only happen.

Leadership: do traits matter? Essay

Managers need skillful and talented leaders to make an organization successful. The reason is that talented leaders can drive their subordinates to achieve goals and objectives of an organization. That will enable organizations to stay competitive in the market. To be a successful leader there should be several qualities. Such as effective communication skills, effective decision making, effective planning, effective coaching skills, effective people management skills and effective motivating skills. These qualities of a competent leader are needed to plan to meet the requirements of an organization. Sailan also should have leaders who have above-mentioned qualities while facing a turbulent situation. As mentioned above Sailan has been failing to produce good advanced level and ordinary level results. Because of that, it has been difficult to achieve the competitive advantage for them as well. (ukessays, 2017) The following methods can be used to review current leadership requirements of Sailan international school. 360-degree feedback – according to Linda (2014) through this 360 feedback employees or managers can get feedbacks regarding their strengths and weaknesses or competencies from peers, supervisors, direct reports and customers. According to (Neil, 2017)this method can be used to evaluate the performance of the whole organization. Especially weaknesses of employees can be identified. This method is so important for Sailan. The reason is that while facing a turbulent situation identifying weaknesses of teachers and the principal is very important. If there is any weakness in teaching the principal/ leader can arrange training programs to improve teaching skills. If there is any weakness in controlling teachers of the principal, director of education can send him for some leadership programs. When this happens Sailan will be able to produce good results and achieve the vision. Even teachers can get a clear picture of their performance by this method. Blake and Mouton managerial grid – according to Peiris (2016) the managerial grid includes various techniques to evaluate leadership requirements. This grid is an important tool for managers to analyze their own leadership styles. According to Patty (2013), this grid has 81 leadership styles. Some of them are impoverished management, country club, task management, middle of the road, team management and team management. With the problem that Sailan faces at the moment team management is appropriate for Sailan. According to this leaders encourage and motivate their employees. Even leaders get a lot of respect from their employees. The principal can appoint sectional heads who can get respect from teachers. Then Sectional heads/ leaders of Sailan can motivate teachers to produce good results and achieve the vision. When teachers become loyal to the sectional heads those teachers will give their best to Sailan. That will enable Sailan to provide high-quality teaching for students . SWOT analysis – SOFT analysis can be used to recognize strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of an organization. Internal and external factors can be identified by this analysis. (Mike, 2016)Â   When considering the strengths of Sailan, which has got a lot of facilities in comparison to other international schools in that particular area. For example, they have their own ground, an auditorium that more than 1500 people can be seated. Even an indoor stadium (almost finished) and a swimming pool have been under construction. The discipline of Sailan has been really good when compared with other international schools. That is one of the main reasons that most of the parents are willing to send their children to Sailan. The main opportunity of Sailan is that this is mainly a Muslim community-based school. So easily they can get the attraction of Muslims who are living in that particular area rather than other international schools. The main weakness of this is lack of results. In last few years A/L and O/L results have been low compared to other schools. When talking about threats, there are a lot of competitive international schools situated around Sailan. Such as gateway, ST’Thomes, ST’ Nicholas, Lyceum, Leeds, Negombo south etc. Especially Leaders of Sailan should consider the weaknesses and threats. Leaders of Sailan such as Director of education, principal, and sectional heads need to correct if there is an error in the education system of Sailan. Principal or sectional heads can supervise teaching.Sectional heads can get feedbacks about the teaching of teachers from students. Even teachers can be asked to write lesson plans. Training programs can be provided for teachers. By moni toring teachers and providing training programs quality of teaching can be improved. It will lead to producing good O/L and A/L results. Then weaknesses of Sailan can be avoided. When producing good results Sailan can face threats easily. Even leader of Sailan should be able to exploit strengths and opportunities as well. 3.2 plan for the development of future situations requiring leadership. The leadership plays a major role in achieving competitive advantage in the industry. The leaders usually create strategies to drive employees to attain vision and mission of an organization. (research papers, 2013) As mentioned above Sailan has threats from its rivals. Even when the school develops more teachers will be recruited in the future. Then leadership will be required to control them. Controlling a large number of teachers will not be an easy task. Leaders of Sailan will need more skills to control those teachers. And also recruitment and selection process has to be considered by leaders at Sailan when it develops. Especially Proper recruitment method and recruiting cost is very crucial for Sailan. Some suggestions are mentioned in the following which can use to identify how to plan for the development of future s

Lord of the Flies †Break Down of Society Essay

Civilization is the key to keeping society in order. If many individuals lose this civilized state, the society they are in begins to break down. Ralph, Simon, and Jack are the major problems with the breakdown of their society. Anything done in a community, whether it is multiple actions or nothing at all, can change it for better or for worse. Firstly, Simon is inactive in the social order of the boys and isolates himself from them. Secondly, Ralph has attained leadership over everyone which sets Jack’s leadership off. Ralph tries to bring order to the island which in turn causes a breakdown and defect of a group of boys. Lastly, Jack is the main point that caused their society to breakdown. One of the bigger – but not the biggest – problems in a social order breakdown is people who do not take part in the control. Simon does not part take in the actions and feud between Ralph and Jack in order to feel that he is not part of it. During the day, arguments usually happen. This is when Simon isolates himself in what he calls his â€Å"mat of creepers† (160). He roams around at night causing paranoia among the boys as he appears to be the beast. This activeness at night is to achieve a feeling that he is not changing the society that is trying to be made. When Simon does try to bring forth information and help them, he was killed by the savage boys – â€Å"he was murdered† (172) as said by Ralph. This is the first human-related death on Jack’s behalf, the one death that is leading the boys on the island into savagery and a major loss of their civilized state of mind. However, even someone’s leadership can cause people to break from a group and bring downfall to the whole group. Ralph’s leadership style is one that one boy on the island did not agree with. This caused him to defect from the group and form his own society. Ralph leads with a democratic manner – with safety and rescue – whereas Jack leads with a dictatorship style – with hunting and having everything go his way. When Jack goes, all the boys follow, and this leaves Ralph with nothing forcing him to leave his civilized manner and do what he can to survive. The society is broken when the â€Å"savages† (as they are called â€Å"when Ralph stared into the savages eyes† on page 220) start to hunt for a human-being instead of a pig. With people who bring the evil ways of living into a civilized group of people, they turn and lose that civilized manner. Jack represents the evil side of mankind. Jack leads with the way of survival, not rescue. He has lots of power because he instills fear within the boys which allows him to control them. Jack and his hunters do not want to feel guilt for this way of leading or even for the killing. The boys do this by â€Å"painting their faces so they wouldn’t see† (59). This is referring to them not wanting their conscience to see that they are slowing bringing their society to a breaking point. When Jack kills the first pig, he feels a sense of pride and accomplishment. This causes him to lose part of his civilized state to further progress this killing. He then kills a sow with piglets and then a human being – Simon. This killing spree has caused Jack to completed lose his civilized state and is able to hunt Ralph – another human being – without putting any face paint on at all. He then has the ability to kill without feeling guilt or remorse. Societies that face dystopia in their worst time will start to become dismembered and break apart. Anyone can break from society and cause it to come crashing down. Simon managed to by imputing nothing and furthering Jack’s feeling of completion, Ralph did by being a good leader and pushing Jack away to his own society and Jack did by losing his civilized manner to become a savage. Whether the breakdown is caused by someone being really good, really bad, or even in between, anything and anyone can destroy a society with a simple little action.